DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PERMEABILITY APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY OF POROUS CERAMICS


DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PERMEABILITY APPARATUS FOR DETERMINATION OF PERMEABILITY OF POROUS CERAMICS  

ABSTRACT

Permeability measurement determines the pore size and pore connectivity is an important characterization for porous materials. For the measurement of permeability highly sophisticated & expensive instrument are commercially available for research purpose but for undergraduate level research the purchase of this equipment is an expensive affair though the working principle of the apparatus is very simple. So an attempt has been made to design and fabricate a permeability measurement set up for undergraduate level research work at very low cost using Darcy’s equation as basic principle. Initial sketches and designs were drawn manually on the basis of text book diagrams and research papers. Subsequently the designs were analysed with respect to ease of fabrication, cost and adaptability to various size of samples. Finally the final design was selected out of 3 designs and the three dimensional design of the final design was made using CATIA (version 5) software, after which the equipment was fabricated using brass. Brass is used for its easy machinability and long life. The measured permeability showed similar trend for similar sample measured by other equipment (Mercury porosimetry).

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no. Figure Caption Page no.

2.1 Commercially available permeability apparatus 13

2.2 Commercially available permeability apparatus 13

3.1 Design-1 of permeability the apparatus 16

3.2 Design-2 of permeability the apparatus 17

3.3 Design-3 of permeability the apparatus 18

3.4 The final design of the apparatus 19

3.5 Isometric view of sample holder 20

3.6 Isometric view of sample holder with bolt 21

3.7 Isometric view of the final design 21

3.8 Sectional view of the final design 22

4.1 Picture of sample holder and bolt to tight the sample 24

4.2 O-ring inside the sample holder 24

4.3 Sample inside the sample holder 24

4.4 Variable size of sample holder 25

4.5 Picture of complete permeability set up 25

5.1 Flow chart for HA powder preparation 27

5.2 Process flow chart for gel casting sample 29

5.3 Flow chart of polymer sponge method 31

6.1 Variation of volume flow rate with pressure 37

6.2 Pore size distribution of 60% naphthalene gel casting sample 38

6.3 Pore size distribution of 50% naphthalene gel casting

sample. 38

6.4 Pore size distribution of 50 (vol.%) solid loading polymer

sponge replication sample 39

LIST OF TABLES

Figure no. Table Caption Page no.

6.1 Bulk density and apparent porosity of the sample prepared by different method 35

6.2 Specific permeability coefficient calculation for sample prepared by different method 36

6.3 Summary of apparent porosity, average pore radius and average pore diameter of the sample prepared by different

method. 40

CONTENTS

Certificate

Acknowledgement

List of Figures

List of tables

Page no.

Abstract

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 8

1.1. Introduction 10

1.2. The guiding Principle-Darcy’s equation 10

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Permeability and its applications 12

2.2 Objective and novelty of work

CHAPTER 3: DESIGN OF APPARATUS 14

3.1 Design-1 16

3.2 Design-2 17

3.3 Design-3 18

3.4 Three dimensional designs

CHAPTER 4: FABRICATION OF APPARATUS 20

4.1 Fabrication

CHAPTER 5: PREPARATION OF POROUS SAMPLE 24

5.1 Sample Preparation by Pellet Pressing method 27

Sample Preparation by Gel casting method28

Sample preparation by Polymer replication method30

CHAPTER 6: EXPERIMENTAL WORK

Apparent Porosity, Bulk Density Measurement34

Measurement of Permeability36

Study of effect of pressure on volume flow rate.37

Pore Size Distribution by Porosimetry Test38

Calculation40

CHAPTER 7: RESULTS & DISCUSSION

7.1 Results and discussion 43

CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION

8.1 Conclusion 45

REFERENCES 46

CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION

Introduction:

Permeability is a most important material property which defines the resistance to the passage of the fluid, and it depends on the porosity and pore connectivity. Therefore the permeability is correlated with the type of pores and pore size distribution. The permeability is determined from Darcy’s equation. The permeability measurement gives an idea of the packing behaviour of the particles in the body. The correct measurement of permeability is very important in many physics and engineering fields such as soil science, particulate systems, reactive reactor medium, fabrics, porous ceramic and filter processing and their applications.

The usual apparatus for permeability measurements essentially contain a set up where a fluid is forced to pass through a porous medium.

The guiding Principle-Darcy’s equation [1]:

This semi empirical equation describes fluid transport in porous media based on one or more fluid.

Q= (KpΔPA)/Lη

Q=volume flow rate

Kp= specific permeability coefficient ΔP= pressure drop across the sample

L=flow length or thickness of the test sample A=area of cross-section of the sample

η= fluid viscosity

The permeability coefficient Kp depends on the combination of the fluid and porous material used. The greater the value of Kp the higher will be the rate of flow of a fluid through a material [1].

CHAPTER-7: RESULTS &DISCUSSION

Results and Discussion:

The main aim of the study was to design, fabricate and test a permeability measurement apparatus. The second aim was to calibrate the apparatus with some standard sample and to correlate the permeability value obtained from the fabricated permeability equipment with that obtain from a commercially available equipment.

From the study following could be concluded

· A simple design for the permeability measurement apparatus could be prepared.

· The apparatus could be fabricated with the help of Central Workshop using the design.

· The apparatus was leak proof.

· Some porous samples were tested in the apparatus and the permeability value was recorded for these samples.

· Although no calibration was made because of lack of the standard sample but from the permeability value measured by the apparatus the following could be concluded that permeability depends (1) On the sample property (2) Flow rate vs. pressure show the linear relationship in accordance with the standard equation.

· Although apparatus was not calibrated the permeability of the different samples corresponded well with the data obtain from other system. For example a sample prepared by the pellet pressing method with naphthalene as pore former although had higher porosity did not show interconnected pores in the microstructure. Such a sample is expected to have low permeability and the result obtained from the fabricated apparatus exhibited similar trend. On the other hand sample prepared by gel casting method and polymer sponge replication method has shown high pore connectivity in the SEM microstructure. Such sample has also shown higher permeability measured by this apparatus.

Therefore it can be said that although the absolute value may become different if the instrument is calibrated, the present study showed that the apparatus can measure the permeability with relative ease and probably with accuracy. However the last part needs to verified with the standard samples having known porosity, permeability and pore size.

CHAPTER-8: CONCLUSION

8.1 Conclusion:

A simple and low cost permeability measurement apparatus was designed and the permeability obtained from the fabricated apparatus show similar trend when measured by the other equipment (Mercury porosimetry). The equipment needed to be calibrated using standard sample with known permeability and porosity. Another interesting feature is that, this apparatus can be used for pressure casting provided that we put the slurry in a tubular mesh container and apply air pressure.

.


TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.COM

Researchwap.com is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.com guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.com is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.com" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.