THE EFFECT OF AGBARHO SLAUGHTERHOUSE EFFLUENT ON THE AGBARHO RIVER WATER


Department Of Environmental Science


PAGES: 56
FORMAT: MS WORD
Chapters: 1-5
PRICE: ₦ 5,000.00

THE EFFECT OF AGBARHO SLAUGHTERHOUSE EFFLUENT ON THE AGBARHO RIVER WATER

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Water is the prerequisite of life, mankind has settled along the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris, the Indus and the Yangtze-Kiang (Marsha et al., 1999). Since ancient times and well before the past millennium, people have sought ways of dealing with water (their main commodity and primary source of drinking, sanitation, irrigation, cultivation, transportation and communication). Two major water supplies are surface water and ground water and are the water resources for readily available water for human consumption. Surfacewater includespounds, streams, rivers, oceans and lakes. Pure water rarely occur in nature due to water capacity to dissolve and absorb surrounding materials. Surface water is the most readily available, yet the most polluted as a result of anthropogenic, but happily, controllable activities (David, 2006).In Nigeria, surface water pollution is being associated with surface runoff, industrial effluent, cold-room effluent, domestic waste and abattoir effluent. In this study, emphasis is placed on effluent generated from abattoir processes.

The abattoir industry is an important component of the livestock industry providing domestic meat supply to over 150 million people and employment opportunities for teaming population in Nigeria (Nafarnda et al; 2012). However, majority of the activities going on in most of the abattoir present in Nigeria are never monitored for regulation purposes. Majority of the abattoir in Nigeria are not developed and facilities for the treatment of abattoir effluents are lacking. Potential health risks from waterborne pathogens can exist in water polluted by abattoir effluents, runoff from feedlots, dairy farms, grazed pastures, fallow and sod amended with poultry litter, grassland treated with dairy manure, and sewage sludge treated land. Such contamination of water bodies from abattoir wastes could constitute significant environmental and public health hazards (Nafarnda et al, 2012).In Southwestern Nigeria several pathogenic species of bacteria in abattoir effluent have been identified. These species among others include Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., in harsh environmental condition depicting the unfriendly nature of untreated abattoir effluent to the surrounding environment and human health (Coker et al., 2001). The main wastes originate from killing, hide removal or de-hairing, paunch handling, rendering, trimming, processing and clean up operations. The wastes generated from slaughter house usually constitute blood, grease, inorganic and organic solids, salts and chemical added during processing operations (Raheemet al). On the average, majority of the abattoir in Nigeria are sited near a stream, natural pond or river, like the one present in Agbarho, Ugheli north, Delta state.

Environmental issues resulting from improper management practices responsible for the pollution of the aquatic environment with various forms of contaminant has increased in geometric proportion over the last four decades with concomitant increase in water borne diseases especially typhoid, diarrhea and dysentery. Abattoirs are generally known all over the world to pollute the environment either directly or indirectly from their various processes. It is observed that in Nigeria, many abattoirs dispose their effluents directly into streams and rivers without any form of pre-treatment and the slaughtered meat is washed by the same water (Adelegan, 2002).

The Agbarho abattoir on daily basis produces several gallons of blood, and intestinal contents and tissues introducing them into the environment including the Agbarho River. On a visit to the Agbarho abattoir,during a quick survey around the abattoir, neither holding tank nor waste treatment system/facility was observed which is obviously an indication that effluent and other solid wastes generated from the abattoir are been dumped/discharged indiscriminately into the surrounding. The abattoir was said to have been existence for years now, which implies that the water body has been receiving abattoir effluent for years.

Note: to avoid ambiguity, abattoir may be used interchangeably with slaughter house, also wastewater may also be used instead of effluent.

1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Abattoirs are generally known all over the world to pollute the environment either directly or indirectly from their various processes hence  water quality assessment is essential to the Agbarho River so as to ascertain the level of impact of the abattoir effluent periodically discharged to it.As it receives discharged waste water from the Agbarho abattoir. considering implicated certain bacteria species inabattoir effluent pollution, not ignoring other processes involved in meet and hide processing, the analysis will deal with certain physiochemical and biological parameter of the river water.

Cases of water borne diseases especially typhoid, diarrhea and dysentery has resulted as a result of contact with polluted water. It is therefore expedient to carry out such analysis on the river for awareness purpose, as the users of the river exploit it for economic and recreational purpose without the full knowledge of the danger it may pose to human health.

Until now in Nigeria, many abattoirs (Agbarho Slaughterhouse included) dispose their effluents indiscriminately into streams and river body and without any form of treatment and mismanage various their waste. Assumption is being made that publications on effect of abattoir on water quality would pilot the awakening of effective and sound regulation on wastewater treatment and abattoir waste management.

In overview, water quality usually degenerate as a result of indiscriminate and uncontrolled effluent discharge from abattoirs, accompanied with water borne diseases with no sign of governmental mitigation plan. However there has not been any study on the relevanceof the abattoir activities on Agbarho River.

1.3. PURPOSE OF STUDY

The study seeks to ascertain the effect of Agbarho slaughterhouse effluent on the Agbarhoriver water with specific objectives which include:

a) To checkthe effect of the abattoir effluent/waste on the River water quality (if it influences any change in the BOD, DO, COD, pH, Turbidity, Alkalinity, Total solids and some other physiochemical and biological properties of the  river water).

b) To check for the level of impact if there is any.

c) To establish that there is a significant relationship between abattoir effluent and river water quality.

d) To create awareness on various adverse impacts that may result from the discharge of untreated abattoir effluent.

Aligning with the objectives stated above the below questions are made:

I. What possible effectdoes abattoir effluent has on water quality?

II. To what extent has the release of the abattoir effluent into the Agbarho River impacted it?

III. What relationship does the effluent has with the water quality?

IV. What information is needed in the discharge of effluent?

1.4. SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

1. The study will be of great benefit to a number of groups in Nigeria. Government agencies especially the Delta State Environmental Protection Agency, rank amongst the top beneficiary of this study 

2. Another set of interest group that will benefit from the findings of this research will be the community and society where the abattoir is located, as the study stands to keep them informed.

3. The last set of beneficiary of this study is the international community, particularly in the area of urgent significance in the uniformity and standardization of the reporting formats for entities involved in regulation of abattoir industries or the likes.

1.5. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS.

The area of this study covers a section of the Agbarho River around the effluent discharge point. The study is specifically focused on analysis of water quality around the discharge point as defined by some physiochemical and biological parameters.

The research is not without limitationas there are bound to be variation in water quality over time due to the continuous flow of the river and other activities.

1.6 STUDY AREA

The Agbarho river serves as the case study with respect to the abattoir effluent. Agbarho isone of the major town in Delta State in Southern Nigeria.Itlies between latitude N5o 35’ 00’’ and longitude E5o 52’ 00’’. Agbarho is one of the populated towns in Delta state with an estimated value of 145,000 people.

Agbarho River is an important economic river in Delta state as various socio-economic activities including vehicle washing and fishing are possible through the river. The river also serve for the purpose of sand resources as it accommodates several dredging activities at various points.People living within the vicinity draw water from the river and even swim in it.The river originates from Orho a hinterland in Warri and stretches down westward to Uvwie Local Government Area of the state where it empties with its creeks into the Atlantic Ocean. The river receives wastes from municipal dumps and from   abattoir sited along its course.Although, there are more than one abattoirs in Agbarho, Oghara abattoir is implicatedin this study dueto its strategic location right by the course of the Agbarho River and also because it is the major abattoir which supplies about 65% of the meat for the town residence and other nearby communities.

1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERM

Abattoir/slaughterhouseisusuallyusedtorefertomeatpacking industry, large industry involving the slaughtering, processing, and distribution of cattle, sheep, and hogs.Abattoir operations are meant to recover the edible portions of slaughtered animals for human consumption (Fearon et al., 2014).It also refers to places where animals are killed for their meet. It is one of the most importantindustries in Nigeria as it serves as meet resources and also supplies certain raw materials to several manufacturing industries. These industries usually generate waste in form of solid or water (i.e. effluent/wastewater, water that has been used, as for washing, flushing, or in manufacturing processes). that may eventually contaminate water system if not well taken care of.The aftermath effect of the contamination is usually deterioration in the water quality. Water quality refers to the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human need or purposes. Such parameters as the one categorized below define water quality.

1.7.1 WATER QUALITY PHYSIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS

Temperature: If the overall water body temperature of an aquatic system is altered, anaquatic community shift can be expected.

pH value:pH is an indicator of the existence of biological life as most of them thrive in a quite narrow and critical pH range.

Color: is measured in (ptco)/(Lu). It is the characteristics spectrum band of a given water body.Color is vital as most water users, be it domestic or industrial, usually prefer colorless water.  Determination of color can help in estimated costs related to discoloration of the water.

Turbidity: is expressed as the amount of suspended matter in Mg/L or parts per million (PPM). 

Specific Conductivity: specific conductivity can be defined as the total amount of dissolved salts present in water.

DissolvedOxygen (DO): DO is the concentrated amount of oxygen (O2) in dissolved form. It is measured inMg/L or (PPM). DO is essential for aquatic life. A low DO (less than 2Mg/L) would indicate poor water quality and thus would have difficulty in sustaining many sensitive aquatic lives.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS): in water consist of inorganic salts and dissolved materials. In ambient conditions, these compounds are present in proportions that create a balanced solution. If there are additional inputs of dissolved solids to the system, the balance is altered and detrimental effects may be seen. Inputs include both natural and anthropogenic source.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): BOD is a measure of organic pollution to both waste and surface water. High BOD is an indication of poor water quality. For this tree plantation project, any discharge of waste into the waterways would affect the water quality and thus users downstream.

Nitrate nitrogen: The growth of macrophytes and phytoplankton is stimulated principally by nutrients such as nitrates. Many bodies of freshwater are currently experiencing influxes of nitrogen and phosphorus from outside sources. The increasing concentration of available phosphorus allows plants to assimilate more nitrogen before the phosphorus is depleted. Thus, if sufficient phosphorus is available, high concentrations of nitrates will lead to phytoplankton (algae) and macrophyte (aquatic plant) production.   This is mostly due to the usage of fertilizers. 

Oil & Grease: To check if there is any indiscriminate dumping of waste oil or poor management of oily waste within the site. 

1.7.2 SOMEMICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS

Total Coliform Count and Faecal Coliform Count:These tests use coliform bacteria as indicator organisms.  The presence of these indicative organisms is evidence that the water has been polluted with faeces of humans or other warm-blooded animals.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. INTRODUCTION

Several literatures as regards to the effect of abattoir effluent on water quality have been reviewed. The literatures reviewed were works that range from assessment of the impact of abattoir effluent on several rivers, to analysis of characteristics property of several abattoirwaste/effluent. Due to the scope of the project, it is expedient to group the literature into themes and sub themes.The Themes encompass the following:

.



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC OR KEYWORD AND CLICK SEARCH:

HOW TO GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL ON THE EFFECT OF AGBARHO SLAUGHTERHOUSE EFFLUENT ON THE AGBARHO RIVER WATER

  • * Click the green DOWNLOAD Button above

    * Select any option to get the complete project material instantly.

    * Chat our 24/7 customer service desk on WhatsApp# (+234) 0803-766-4978 and get your complete project material instantly.

    * All project materials on this website are well researched by professionals with high level of professionalism.


TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS

Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.


  • Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.

    "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."


  • Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.

    "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"


  • Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.

    "Researchwap.net is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.net" and God bless you and your business! ."


  • Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.

    "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."


  • Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

    "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."


  • Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .

    "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."


  • Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University

    "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."


  • Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.

    "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."


  • Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.

    "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"


  • Theressa, Igbinedion University.

    "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 5k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"


  • Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.

    "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."


  • Christiana, Landmark University .

    "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"


  • Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna

    "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."


  • Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.

    "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 5k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."


  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.
    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

  • How can I get the complete project - THE EFFECT OF AGBARHO SLAUGHTERHOUSE EFFLUENT ON THE AGBARHO RIVER WATER

    Simply click on the DOWNLOAD green button above and follow the procedure stated.


    Is it a complete project work or just materials?

    Yes, it's a Complete Research Project material. i.e Chapters 1-5, Abstract, Table of Contents, Full References, Questionnaires / Secondary Data


    What if I want to change the case study for THE EFFECT OF AGBARHO SLAUGHTERHOUSE EFFLUENT ON THE AGBARHO RIVER WATER, What can i do?

    Chat with Our 24/7 Customer Service Desk Now: WhatsApp# and you will be responded to Instantly


    How long does it take to get the complete project on THE EFFECT OF AGBARHO SLAUGHTERHOUSE EFFLUENT ON THE AGBARHO RIVER WATER?

    Depending on how fast your payment and details is acknowledged by us, you will get the complete project within 30 minutes. However, on a very good day you can still get it within 15 minutes!


    How will I get my complete project?

    The Complete Project Material will be Delivered via your Email Address in an MS Word document format


    Can I get my Complete Project through WhatsApp?

    Yes! We also send your Complete Research Project to your WhatsApp Number


    What if my Project Supervisor made some changes to a topic i picked from your website?

    Call or Chat With Our 24/7 Custumer Care Desk: +2348037664978 and you will be responded to Instantly


    Do you assist students with Assignment, Term Paper, Seminar and Project Proposal?

    Call or Chat With Our 24/7 Custumer Care Desk: +2348037664978 and you will be responded to Instantly


    What if i do not have any project topic idea yet?

    Don't Worry! We've Got Your Covered. Chat with us on WhatsApp# (+234) 0803-766-4978 to Get Instant Help.


    Why should I trust this website?

    We are well aware of fraudulent activities that have been happening on the internet. It is regrettable, but hopefully declining. However, we wish to reinstate to our esteemed clients that we are genuine and duly registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission as "TOPNOTCH INFOTECH ENTERPRISE". This site runs on Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), therefore all transactions on this site are HIGHLY secure and safe!


    I have a fresh topic that is not on your site. How do I go about it?

    Don't Worry, Chat with us on WhatsApp# (+234) 0803-766-4978 to Get Instant Help.



PROJECT DETAILS

PAGES: 56
FORMAT: MS WORD
Chapters: 1-5
PRICE: ₦ 5,000.00




TYPE TOPIC OR KEYWORD AND CLICK SEARCH: