COMPARATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESELS PRODUCED BY TRANSESTERIFICATION FROM Jatropha curcas and Thevetia nerifolia SEEDS


Department Of Environmental Science


PAGES: 56
FORMAT: MS WORD
Chapters: 1-5
PRICE: ₦ 5,000.00

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESELS PRODUCED BY TRANSESTERIFICATION FROM Jatropha curcas and Thevetia nerifolia SEEDS

ABSTRACT  

Increasing scarcity of fossil resources, increasing demand for petroleum fuels as well as increasing detrimental effects of extracting and using fossil fuels suggests alternatives. Biodiesel is a renewable, environmentally friendly, socially acceptable, technologically feasible and economically viable alternative fuel for diesel engines.This study investigates the comparative characterization of biodiesels produced by transesterification from Jatrpha curcas and Thevetia nerifolia seed oil using ratio 1:5, 1:6, and 1:7 of methanol and oil and base catalyst (NaOH), at temperature of 60oC.The percentage oil and biodiesel yield and the physco-chemical properties (PH, specific gravity, viscosity and flash point) of the methyl ester biodiesels were determined. The values of the biodiesel properties obtained were compared with America (ASTM) and European (EN) biodiesel standard. The data was analyzed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD).The result of this study shows that reaction ratio 1:5 has the highest biodiesel yield of 91%, 82% and 70% from Jatropha, Thevetia and the mixture respectively. There is a significant difference in the biodiesel yield among the three oil sources. The flash point increases with increase in the specific gravity of the biodiesels. The highest and lowest viscosity value (mm2/s) of 6.44 and 1.2 was recorded for mixture (1:7) and Jatropha (1:7) respectively. The biodiesel with the highest and lowest viscosity value and the biodiesels from thevetia (1:6 and 1:7) do not meet the ASTM and EN specifications which ranges between 1.9-6.0 and 3.5-5.0 respectively. Others meet the ASTM Specification (Table 4 and 5). Finally, the result of this study shows that Jatropha curcas and Thevetia nerifolia are good potential sources of oil for biodiesel production.

 

TABLE OF CONTENT Title Page--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i

Certification-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii Dedication-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii Acknowledgment ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv Abstract-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v Table of content------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi-xiii CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.1 Objective of the study--------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 1.2 Statement of problem----------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 1.3 Justification---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 1.4 Scope and limitation----------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature review---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 2.1 What is Biodiesel? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5-6 2.2 History of Biodiesel------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7                                             vi  2.3 Research works on Biodiesel------------------------------------------------------------------------8-10 2.4 Types of Biodiesel-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12  2.4.1Virgin oil Biodiesel---------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 2.4.2 Recycled oil Biodiesel ----------------------------------------------------------------------------14 2.4.3 Yellow Grease Biodiesel--------------------------------------------------------------------------14 2.5 Sources of Biodiesel----------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 2.6 Direct use of lipid in diesel engine----------------------------------------------------------------16 2.7 Reduction of oil viscosity by transesterification process---------------------------------------17 2.8 Factor affecting biodiesel production-------------------------------------------------------------18 2.8.1 Effect of temperature------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 2.8.2Effect of water and free fatty acid content------------------------------------------------------19 2.9 Jatropha seed oil for biodiesel----------------------------------------------------------------------19 2.9.1Thevetia seed oil for biodiesel--------------------------------------------------------------------20 2.10 Properties of biodiesel-----------------------------------------------------------------------------21 2.10.1Physical properties of biodiesel----------------------------------------------------------------22 2.10.2 Viscosity------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23 2.10.3 Flash Point----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23                                             vii  2.10.4 Cetane Number-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------23 2.10.5 Cloud point and pour point---------------------------------------------------------------------23  2.10.6 Higher Combustion Efficiency of Biodiesel Fuel-------------------------------------------24 2.20 Engine Performance Tests with Biodiesel------------------------------------------------------24 2.30 Advantages of Biodiesel---------------------------------------------------------------------------25  2.30.1 Availability and Renewability of Biodiesel---------------------------------------------------26 2.30.1 Lower Emission from Biodiesel----------------------------------------------------------------26 2.30.2 Biodegradability of Biodiesel--------------------------------------------------------------------27  2.30.3 High Lubricity of Biodiesels---------------------------------------------------------------------28 2.30.4 Engine Performance Evaluation Using Biodiesel---------------------------------------------28  2.40 Disadvantage of Biodiesel ------------------------------------------------------------------------29 2.50 problems of Using Biodiesel-----------------------------------------------------------------------30 2.60 Biodiesel Impact on Economy----------------------------------------------------------------------30 2.70 Biodiesel Impact on Environment------------------------------------------------------------------32 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS-------------------------------------------------------------------33 3.1 MATERIALS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------33                                             viii  3.2 Method of Oil Extraction-----------------------------------------------------------------------------33 3.3 Method of Biodiesel Production (transesterification) ------------------------------------------34 3.4 Determination-of Biodiesel Properties--------------------------------------------------------------35 3.4.1 PH determination------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35 3.4.2 Viscosity Determination----------------------------------------------------------------------------35 3.4.3 Specific gravity determination---------------------------------------------------------------------36 3.4.4 Flash Point Determination--------------------------------------------------------------------------36 3.5 Methods of Data Analysis----------------------------------------------------------------------------37 3.6 Data and result representation-----------------------------------------------------------------------38 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION--------------------------------------------------------------------39 4.2 DISCUSSION-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 4.2.1Percentage Oil Yield--------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 4.2.2 PH-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 4.2.3 Biodiesel Yield--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 4.2.4 Specific Gravity-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------47                                             ix  4.2.5 Viscosity of the Methyl Esters---------------------------------------------------------47              4.2.6 Flash Point---------------------------------------------------------------------------------47 4.2.7 Analysis of Variance---------------------------------------------------------------------48 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 CONCLUSION AND REMARKS------------------------------------------------------49-50 REFERENCES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------51-59

CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION  The non-renewable fossil fuel resources are decreasing da1ly and becoming scarce.  The detrimental  effects  resulting  from  mining  and  using  fossil  fuel  resources  are  becoming unbearable. World increasing population and quest for global development in the transportation and the market sector poses an increased demand for petroleum products such as (petrodiesel). This consequently  results in to  increase  in  the  efficacies  of  mining  and  using  fossil  fuel  resources especially global warming. The solution to the challenges on the ground is alternatives to petroleum products  which  must  be  renewable,  technically  feasible,  economically  competitive  and environmentally acceptable. One current alternative is biodiesel fuel. Biodiesel  fuels  are  attracting  increasing  attention globally as blending components or as a direct replacement for diesel fuel in internal combustion engines. Biodiesel  can be defined  as fuel  for diesel  engines made  from  natural lipids  of plants and animals and which meet the specification of ASTM  D6751.  In  chemical  term, biodiesel  is defined as a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. In  the  early  previous  years  of  biodiesel  production,  using  vegetable  oils  and  animal  fats  as alternative to petrodiesel was attempted.  More  than  100years  ago,  Rudolph  Diesel  tested vegetable oil as the fuel for his engine. Results of these early studies revealed success in the use of vegetable oils as engine fuel based on short-term engine performance tests.  However, evaluation  of  long  term  engine  performance  showed  potential  hazards  due  to the high viscosity  of the oils Reid et al. (1982), Bacon et al. (1981), Schoedder (1981), and Yarbrough et al. (1981).                                             1  Converting  to  biodiesel is  one  of  the  options  to  reduce  the  viscosity  of  vegetable  oils Paugazhabadivu et al.,  (2005). Attempts  to  reduce  viscosity  have  led  to  the  development  of different methods such  as dilution,  micro emulsification,  pyrolysis, catalytic  cracking  and transesterification. The purpose of this study is to produce biodiesels from Jatropha curcas and Thevetia nerifolia seeds oil by transesterification using different reaction ratio of oil and alcohol and compare their physical properties (PH, kinematic viscosity, flash point, and specific gravity).  1.1 Objectives Of The Study 1.2 General Objective The  main  objective  of  this  study  is  to characterize and  compare,  the  biodiesels produced  from Jatropha curcas and Thevetia  nerifolia seeds  by  transesterification process. Specific Objectives are;   Ø To  produce  pure  plant  oil and methyl  esters  (biodiesels)  from J.curcas and       T.nerifolia seed oil by transesterification using different reaction ratios 1:5, 1:6     and 1:7 of methanol and the pure plant oil.   Ø To determine the physical properties (viscosity, specific gravity, PH, and flash       point) of biodiesels from J.curcas, and T. nerifolia. seed oil   Ø To compare the oil and methyl ester yield from J.curcas, and T. nerifolia seeds                                              2    Ø To compare the characteristics of the biodiesels  produced from J.curcas, and     T. nerifolia seed oil    1.2 Statement of Problem Herbbert theory and prediction to America Petroleum Institute in 1956 made oil companies use his theory to predict the future yield of existing oil fields. His prediction of oil world peak around 2006 has made governments realized that without prompt action, a global economic crisis is inevitable. Since petroleum resources are non-renewable,  hence they are susceptible to being diminished. Transportation  development, as well as viability and expansion of the global market, would be compromised as petroleum resources get diminished. Also, the production and distribution of goods and services would become an unrealistic scenario. Furthermore, the increasing mining activities of crude oil and increasing demand for crude oil products and their use are omens of increasing risk of global warming. All these resulting from the extraction and use of crude oil consequently pose a great threat on the quality of our future lives and emphasize the urgent need for alternatives such as biodiesel.  1.3 JUSTIFICATION The  prevailing  and envisaged  efficacies  of  mining  and  using  crude  oil  resources  call  for urgent need for an alternative. Biodiesel is a biofuel that is currently gaining global attention as a promising alternative to petrodiesel which is renewable and environmentally friendly.  In                                             3  addition  to  the  benefits  of  using  biodiesel,  another  important  requirement  of biodiesel  to completely replace petrol diesel is the quantity to meet the demand.  This  quantity  is  a the function  of  the  number  of  people  or  industries involved  in the production,  their  production capacity,  method, and raw materials used  (oil source).  It  is, therefore, necessary  to  research into the best method and oil sources for quantitative production of biodiesel.  Also,  studies have shown that various oily seeds have varying biodiesel potentials. This also necessitates the need to evaluate the biodiesel potential of various oily seeds to know the highly favored ones.  1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY This  study  entails the production  of  biodiesel  from  the seeds of Jatropha  curcas and Thevetia nerifolia by transesterification process. Pure plant oils are extracted from the seeds of Jatropha curcas and Thevetia nerifolia. The oils are converted to biodiesels by reacting them with alcohol (methanol) at different ratios of 1:5, 1:6, and 1:7 using base (NaOH)  catalyst.  Pure  plant  oil  yield,  biodiesel  yield  would  be  determined  and biodiesel physical property tests; (specific gravity, viscosity, flash point, and PH) of the biodiesels would be carried out.  The  test  values  are  then  compared  with America The standard for Test and Materials (ASTM) and European (EN) biodiesel standards. I  proposed  to  use  three  different  species  of  oil  sources  (Jatropha, Thevetia and Chrysophylum or Bahonea spp). But the due to difficulty in extracting oil from Chrysophylum and Bahonea,  I  used oil from Jatropha and Thevetia seeds.  However,  the  third treatment  formulated  from a mixture  of an equal  volume  of Jatropha and Thevetia oil  to generate analyzable data with defined experimental design (RCBD).

.



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC OR KEYWORD AND CLICK SEARCH:

HOW TO GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL ON COMPARATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESELS PRODUCED BY TRANSESTERIFICATION FROM Jatropha curcas and Thevetia nerifolia SEEDS

  • * Click the green DOWNLOAD Button above

    * Select any option to get the complete project material instantly.

    * Chat our 24/7 customer service desk on WhatsApp# (+234) 0803-766-4978 and get your complete project material instantly.

    * All project materials on this website are well researched by professionals with high level of professionalism.


TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS

Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.


  • Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.

    "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."


  • Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.

    "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"


  • Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.

    "Researchwap.net is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.net" and God bless you and your business! ."


  • Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.

    "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."


  • Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

    "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."


  • Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .

    "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."


  • Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University

    "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."


  • Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.

    "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."


  • Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.

    "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"


  • Theressa, Igbinedion University.

    "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 5k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"


  • Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.

    "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."


  • Christiana, Landmark University .

    "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"


  • Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna

    "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."


  • Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.

    "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 5k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."


  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.
    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

  • How can I get the complete project - COMPARATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESELS PRODUCED BY TRANSESTERIFICATION FROM Jatropha curcas and Thevetia nerifolia SEEDS

    Simply click on the DOWNLOAD green button above and follow the procedure stated.


    Is it a complete project work or just materials?

    Yes, it's a Complete Research Project material. i.e Chapters 1-5, Abstract, Table of Contents, Full References, Questionnaires / Secondary Data


    What if I want to change the case study for COMPARATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESELS PRODUCED BY TRANSESTERIFICATION FROM Jatropha curcas and Thevetia nerifolia SEEDS, What can i do?

    Chat with Our 24/7 Customer Service Desk Now: WhatsApp# and you will be responded to Instantly


    How long does it take to get the complete project on COMPARATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF BIODIESELS PRODUCED BY TRANSESTERIFICATION FROM Jatropha curcas and Thevetia nerifolia SEEDS?

    Depending on how fast your payment and details is acknowledged by us, you will get the complete project within 30 minutes. However, on a very good day you can still get it within 15 minutes!


    How will I get my complete project?

    The Complete Project Material will be Delivered via your Email Address in an MS Word document format


    Can I get my Complete Project through WhatsApp?

    Yes! We also send your Complete Research Project to your WhatsApp Number


    What if my Project Supervisor made some changes to a topic i picked from your website?

    Call or Chat With Our 24/7 Custumer Care Desk: +2348037664978 and you will be responded to Instantly


    Do you assist students with Assignment, Term Paper, Seminar and Project Proposal?

    Call or Chat With Our 24/7 Custumer Care Desk: +2348037664978 and you will be responded to Instantly


    What if i do not have any project topic idea yet?

    Don't Worry! We've Got Your Covered. Chat with us on WhatsApp# (+234) 0803-766-4978 to Get Instant Help.


    Why should I trust this website?

    We are well aware of fraudulent activities that have been happening on the internet. It is regrettable, but hopefully declining. However, we wish to reinstate to our esteemed clients that we are genuine and duly registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission as "TOPNOTCH INFOTECH ENTERPRISE". This site runs on Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), therefore all transactions on this site are HIGHLY secure and safe!


    I have a fresh topic that is not on your site. How do I go about it?

    Don't Worry, Chat with us on WhatsApp# (+234) 0803-766-4978 to Get Instant Help.



PROJECT DETAILS

PAGES: 56
FORMAT: MS WORD
Chapters: 1-5
PRICE: ₦ 5,000.00




TYPE TOPIC OR KEYWORD AND CLICK SEARCH: