ASCERTAINING THE GENERAL USES AND NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF DESERT DATE FRUITS (Balanites aegyptiaca) IDENTIFIED IN THE WEST GONJA DISTRICT OF GHANA
ABSTRACT
A study was conducted to identify the general uses and determine the nutritional components of oil nuts, fruit pulp and leaves of Balanites aegyptiaca. Information on general uses of the plant (Balanites aegyptiaca) was collected through household survey using a semi structured questionnaire. A total of 100 respondents comprising both females and males were interviewed. The results indicated that 60% of respondents use the leaves of the plant for soup, 93% of respondents lick the pulp of the fruits and none of the respondents has ever extracted oil from the nuts. Fresh leaves and dried fruits of Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) were collected from the study area and their nutritional compositions were determined. The fruits pulp had 15.57% of moisture, 84.43% of dry matter, 8.87% of ash, 0.97% of crude fat, 6.71% of crude protein, 5.19% of crude fiber, 83.45% of carbohydrate, 348.61% of energy, 78.26% of nitrogen free extract and 0.453mg/g of vitamin C. However, the leaves had 61.78% of moisture, 38.21% of dry matter, 8.92% of ash, 1.94% of crude fat, 30.77% of crude protein, 14.22% of crude fiber, 58.37% of carbohydrate, 317.11% of energy, 44.16% of nitrogen free extract and 0.490mg/g of vitamin C. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the fruits and leaves with respect to nutritional composition except for ash content (p > 0.05). 12kg of dried nuts was processed to extract the oil. The percentage of oil extracted from the 12kg of nuts was 44%. Physicochemical properties that were determined from the oil were moisture content (0.15%), free fatty acid such as oleic (1.73%), peroxide value (7.96meq/kg) and vitamin C (52.22mg/g).The experimental design used was completely randomized design (CRD). In conclusion, the leaves and fruits pulp of the desert date plant contain some nutritional components for human consumption. I recommend that, further research should be conducted on the edible oil of the nuts of the plant.
TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION i
DEDICATION ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
TABLE OF CONTENT v
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
ACRONYMS xii
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION1
BACKGROUND1
PROBLEM STATEMENT3
JUSTIFICATION4
GENERAL OBJECTIVE5
Specific Objectives5
CHAPTER TWO 6
LITERATURE REVIEW6
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT6
Fruit and Seed Description6
Flowering and Fruiting Habit7
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT7
HISTORY OF CULTIVATION7
Dormancy and pretreatment8
Sowing and germination8
SOIL REQUIREMENTS8
USES OF THE PLANT PRODUCTS9
Food9
Fodder9
Other uses9
CHARACTERISTICS OF EDIBLE OIL10
Peroxide value of edible oil10
Fatty Acid10
Vitamins in some edible oil11
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF SOME LEAFY VEGETABLES11
Moisture Content11
Crude Protein12
Dietary Crude Fiber13
Crude Fat Content13
Ash Content13
Carbohydrates14
Dry matter14
2.8. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF KERNEL OIL OF DESERT DATE (BALANITES AEGYPTIACA) 17
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUNDNUT OIL18
Chemical characteristics of Palm oil sold in three (3) markets19
Some quality guide lines for refined fish oils20
Nutrition and health value of Balanites aegyptiaca20
CHAPTER THREE 21
MATERIALS AND METHODS21
STUDY AREA21
EXPERIMENT ONE: SURVEY21
EXPERIMENT TWO: LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS22
Proximate analysis of leaves and fruit pulp of Balanites aegyptiaca22
Moisture Determination22
Crude Protein (Kjeldahl Method)23
Crude Fat24
Crude Fiber25
Ash Content26
Nitrogen-Free Extract (NFE)26
Energy27
Carbohydrate27
Extraction of vitamin C (Fruit and leaf samples)27
Reading of Absorbance and Vitamin C determination 27
xtraction and chemical composition of oil of the nuts of Balanites aegyptiaca28
Procedure for local extraction of oil from nuts of Balanites aegyptiaca28
Determiknation of the chemical composition of the oil of the nuts of Balanites aegyptiaca29
Determination of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) profile29
Determination of Peroxide value30
Determination of moisture and volatile matter content31
Procedure 31
Extraction of vitamin C from oil of balanites aegyptiaca31
Oil sample 31
Reading of Absorbance and Vitamin C determination 32
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND DATA ANALYSIS32
CHAPTER FOUR 33
RESULTS33
SURVEY33
Background information about respondents33
Sex of Respondents33
Age Distribution of Respondents33
Occupation of respondents33
Marital status of respondents34
Religious Affiliation of Respondents34
Educational Background of the Respondents34
Knowledge of the uses of Balanites aegyptiaca leaves36
Uses of the leave36
Knowledge of the use and Processing of Fruits Pulp37
Uses of the fruits pulp38
Usefulness of Balanites Aegyptiaca Nuts as a source of oil38
Other uses of the plant besides using it as food39
Scope of medicinal use of balanites aegyptiaca40
Parts of Balanites aegyptiaca that generate income41
Laboratory Experiment42
Proximate Analysis of leaves and fruits pulp of desert date42
Chemical Composition of Oil of Balanites aegyptiaca Nut43
CHAPTER FIVE 44
DISCUSSION44
BACKGROUND INFORMATION44
USES OF THE LEAVES OF THE PLANT45
USES OF THE FRUITS PULP46
USEFULNESS OF THE NUTS46
OTHER USES OF THE PLANT IN THE STUDY AREA47
NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF FRUIT PULP AND LEAVE OF DESERT DATE (BALANITES AEGYPTIACA)48
Protein content of fruit pulp and leave48
Carbohydrate contents of leaves and fruits pulp of desert date49
Dry matter contents of fruits pulp and leaves of the desert date49
Ash content of balanites aegyptiaca leaves and fruits pulp50
Crude fat of balanites aegyptiaca fruits pulp and leaves50
Crude fiber of balanites aegyptiaca fruits pulp and leaves51
Vitamin C content of balanites aegyptiaca fruits pulp and leaves51
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE OIL OF THE NUTS OF DESERT DATE (BALANITES AEGYPTIACA)52
Moisture content of the oil of nuts of Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca)52
Free Fatty Acid of the Nuts Oil of the Desert date53
Peroxide value of desert date nuts oil53
Vitamin C content of the desert date nuts oil54
CHAPTER SIX 55
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS55
CONCLUSION55
RECOMMENDATIONS56
REFERENCES 57
APPENDICES 67
APPENDIX ONE 67
APPENDIX TWO 72
APPENDIX THREE 76
APPENDIX FOUR 77
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1: Nutrient content of some commercially available fruits (Gopalan et al., 1985)
......................................................................................................................................... 15
Table 2.2: Some nutritional components of fresh leaves and fruits pulp of the desert date. 16
Table 2.3: Physicochemical properties of unrefined shea butter 17
Table 2.4: Chemical properties of oil extracts from five selected Nigerian seed oils 19
Table 2.5: Physicochemical properties of some plants oils 19
Table 4.1: Background information of respondents 34
Table 4.2: Knowledge of the use and processing of fruits pulp after harvesting 37
Table 4.3: Uses of the fruits pulp 38
Table 4.4: Usefulness of the Nuts 39
Table 4.5: Proximate composition of leaves and fruit pulp of Balanites aegyptiaca 43
Table 4.6 Chemical composition of oil of desert date nut 43
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1: Knowledge of the uses of the Balanites aegyptiaca leaves. 36
Figure 4.2: Uses of leaves. 37
Figure 4.3: Other uses of Balanites aegyptiaca besides its usage for food. 40
Figure 4.4: Scope of medicinal use of Balanites aegyptiaca 41
Figure 4.5: Parts of Balanites aegyptiaca that generate income 42
ACRONYMS
AOCS (America oil chemistry society)
B.a ( Balanites aegyptiaca)
CPC (Cooperative Patent Classification)
DEAS (Draft East Africa Standard)
DM (Dry Matter)
FFA (Free Fatty Acid)
FNC (Forest National Corporation)
NFE (Nitrogen Free Extract)
NRC (National Research Council)
PV (Peroxide Value)
RSCU (Regional Soil Conservation Unit)
VIT. C (Vitamin C)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
Long time ago, the culture of gathering wild plants continued in many African communities (Teklehaymanot and Giday, 2010). Many rural communities make good use of wild plants by using them to supplement their diet which is based on rain fed cultivation of staples such as maize, cassava, sorghum, millet and wheat. Different kinds of wild consumable plant species offer a wide range of diet to rural communities. Furthermore, wild foods are demanded mostly during shortage of food (Harris and Mohammed, 2003). According to Ogoye-Ndegwa and Aagaard-Hansen (2003), leafy vegetables harvested from the wild still form part of the diets in many rural households in Kenya. It is also significant to recognize that today, wild plants and animals form a significant proportion of the world food basket (Bharucha and Pretty, 2010). It is also stated that many people in the rural or urban communities use wild foods in their diet (Bharucha and Pretty, 2010). Many wild edible plants are nutritionally rich (Ogle and Grivetti, 1985) and can support nutritional requirements, especially vitamins and micronutrients. It is worth to know that a good number (Over 500 traditional communities) use about 800 different kinds of plant species for treating different diseases and as it stands, 80 % of the world population rely on plant-derived medicine for the first line of primary health care due to the fact that it has no side effects (Kamboj, 2000). Even though these wild plants play significant role in the lives of people especially in the rural communities, it is worrying to know that these wild resources in general are often neglected and receive little recognition from developing communities
(Scoones, Melnyk and Pretty, 1992). There are so many woody plants in the Africa continent, however, Balanites aegyptiaca is likely to be one of the most wide-spread woody plants of the Africa continent (Sands, 2001). Some of the African countries where the Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) is grown are Ghana, Gambia, Nigeria, Togo, Uganda, Chad, Kenya, Mauritania, Cameroon and Niger (Booth and Wicken, 1988). The plant belongs to a family called Balanitaceae and it is usually semi- evergreen with spines, extremely variable shrub or small tree that has the potential of growing up to twelve meters (12m) high (Chapagain and Wiesman, 2005). Research shows that the plant can begin to flower and also bear fruits at the age of 5-7 years and can give maximum seed production if the tree is 15-25years old (Ndoye et al., 2004).In terms of habitat, Balanites aegyptiaca can be found in many kinds of habitat, accepting a wide variety of soil types such as sandy soil to heavy clay (Abu-Al-Futuh, 1983). Even though the plant could begin to bear fruits and flowers at the age range of 5-7 years, there is no specific time for flowering in the Sahel, although flowering most likely takes place in the dry season. Flowering in Nigeria varies between November and April with ripe fruits becoming available in December and January and sometimes later, from March to July. Elsewhere, fruiting and foliage production take place at the peak of the dry season (Orwa et al., 2009). The flowering time generally occurs during November – April, while the fruiting takes place during December – July (El Amin, 1990; El Ghazali et al., 1994; Bein et al., 1996). The fruits of the plant are yellow and can bear as many as 10,000 fruits yearly on a mature tree that is in a good environmental condition (Chapagain and Wiesman, 2005). According to Okia (2010), places where the plants are
found include in the wild (83%), on-farm (13.7%), on fallow land (2.1%) and around homes (0.7%).
The nuts of Balanites aegyptiaca have oil content of 30-60% and protein content of 20- 30%. The oil is non-smoking cooking grade type (Hall and Walker,1991; Shanks and Shanks, 1991). The kernel meal is used as livestock feed (Abu-Al-Futuh, 1983). It has herbal medicinal uses (Babagana et al., 2011) for treatment of diarrhea, stomach pains, epilepsy, jaundice, yellow fever and syphilis (Ojo et al., 2006).
PROBLEM STATEMENT
In recent times, there is too low in quantity of edible oils and fats in the developing countries of the world and more so in Africa (Sam et al., 2008). In order to overcome this challenge, a lot of research is being carried out to discover and exploit new sources of oil bearing crops (Sam et al., 2008).
In developing countries especially in the rural communities most of the people consume various kinds of wild plant products. It is obvious that some of these wild plants products are poisonous to be consumed by human beings. In addition, awareness of economic benefits of these wild plants in the rural communities is limited. This is confirmed by the report of Abbiw (1990), that there is a wide information gap for some plant species, but maintains that only 15% of tropical species have been catalogued and 1% screened for possible benefits to humanity.
Finally, there is a continuous rise in the price of animal feeds which is partly blamed on the over dependence on conventional feedstuff for feed manufacture (Ojewola and Udom, 2005), which has resulted in the continuous rise in the cost of animal products.
This is because soya bean and groundnuts which are the usual sources of protein locally in animal feed formulation (Ghadge et al.,2009) are also used as food by humans (Singh and Singh, 1991).
JUSTIFICATION
The production of oil seeds is one of the most important agro industries in the world today. Formulation of food, drugs and cosmetics are derived from plants and animals oil (Nimet et al., 2011). These oils act as insulators to the body protective layer or internal organ such as heart and lung, and also serve as a source of energy to the body in absence of carbohydrate. (Ochigbo and Paiko, 2011).
Wild plants such as Balanites aegyptiaca contributes greatly in improving the livelihoods of communities. For example, the plant provides materials for utensils, construction, and contributes to improve diets and health, food security, income generation and genetic experimentation (Kumar and Hamal, 2009). If the seeds are well processed could be a cheaper alternative source of protein for animals. Edible parts of wild plants (fruits, flowers, leaves, tubers, inflorescence, roots, rhizome, etc.) are nature’s gift to mankind; these are not only delicious and refreshing but also provide vitamins, minerals and proteins (Kumar and Hamal, 2009).
In the light of these, the West Gonja District of Northern Region of Ghana is naturally gifted with these plants. There are a lot of several economic benefits that the people in the area could depend on to improve their lives yet no research has been made to bring to fore the contribution of the various products of the plant in the study area. It is therefore appropriate and timely that this research is being conducted with the hope that
the outcome of this study will help to further expand the uses of Balanites aegyptiaca through exploitation of new uses in the study area. It is also hoped that the outcome of the research could improve the financial situation of the people in the study area and Ghana as a whole in the long run.
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To determine the nutritive properties of the oil of nuts, fruits pulp and leaves of the Desert date (balanites aegyptiaca)
Specific Objectives
1. Identify the general uses of Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca) in the study area
2. Determine the nutritional components of the oil of nuts, fruits pulp and leaves of the desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca)
.