INFLUENCE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL EDUCATION ON ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ENUGU STATE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The experiences of developed economies in relation to the roles played by entrepreneurship buttress the fact that the importance of entrepreneurship cannot be overemphasized especially among the developing countries. In order to highlight its significance in relation to the growth and development of a given economy, entrepreneurship has been variously referred to as a “source of employment generation”. This is because entrepreneurial activities have been found to be capable of making positive impacts on the economy of a nation and educational quality of life of the people (Adejumo, 2010). Studies have established its positive relationship with stimulation of economic growth; employment generation; education and empowerment of the disadvantaged segment of the population, which include women and the poor (Oluremi and Gbenga, 2011; Thomas, 2010).
These resources require the ability to identify potentially useful and economically viable fields of Endeavour’s. Nigerians have made their marks in diverse fields such as science, technology, academics, business and entertainment. Thus, entrepreneurship activities and innovative ingenuity in Enugu North have developed enterprises in the following areas; Agricultural/agroallied activities where there are foodstuffs, restaurants, fast food vending etc. In the area of information and telecom business, there are manufacturing and repairs of GSM accessories and the printing and selling of Recharge cards. In hospitality and tourism business, there are hotels, accommodation, resorts centers, film and home video production. In the area of environmental and waste management business, there is refuse collection/disposal, recyclement, and drainage/sewage construction job. In the area of financial banking services, there are banking, insurance and stock trading. In engineering and fabrication work, there are machines and tools fabrications. There is also the building and construction, where there are plan and design services and material sourcing (Agbeze, 2012).
Judging therefore by the ugly state of the Nigeria economy sequel to the inherent corruption and global economic crunch, entrepreneurship development is very imperative if the nation’s economic prosperity is to be restored in the nearest future Indisputably, Nigeria is among the few naturally and abundantly endowed economies in the world with both human ingenuity and material resources. It concerns this study enormously that irrespective of spatial and natural abundances of the country, greater percentage of the nation’s citizens are still living under US 1 dollar a day.
The concept of economic growth is relevant at levels of firms, regions, industries and nations, hence, linking entrepreneurship to economic growth means linking the individual level to aggregate levels. In order to consider this link we first pay attention to a definition of 'entrepreneurship' inspired by Hebert and Link (2009), Bull and Willard (2013) and Lumpkin and Dess (2016), the following definition of entrepreneurship can be proposed: Entrepreneurship is the manifest ability and willingness of individuals, on their own, in teams, within and outside existing organizations to perceive and create new economic opportunities (new products, new production methods, new organizational schemes and new product-market combinations), and to introduce their ideas in the market, in the face of uncertainty and other obstacles, by making decisions on location, form and the use of resources and institutions.
Essentially, entrepreneurship is a behavioural characteristic of persons. It should be noted that entrepreneurship is not an occupation and that entrepreneurs are not a well-defined occupational class of persons. Even obvious entrepreneurs may exhibit their entrepreneurship activities only during a certain phase of their career and/or concerning a certain part of their activities.
Entrepreneurship is not synonymous with small business. Certainly, small firms are an outstanding vehicle for individuals to channel their entrepreneurial ambitions. The small firm is an extension of the individual in charge (Lumpkin and Dess, 2006). However, entrepreneurship is not restricted to persons starting or operating an (innovative) small firm. Enterprising individuals in large firms, the so-called ‘entrepreneurs’ or ‘corporate entrepreneurs’, undertake entrepreneurial actions as well.
In these environments there is a tendency of ‘mimicking smallness’, for instance using business units, subsidiaries or joint ventures. Entrepreneurship is ‘at the heart of national advantage’ (Porter, 2010). Concerning the role of entrepreneurship in stimulating economic growth, many links have been discussed.
It is of eminent importance for carrying out innovations and for enhancing rivalry. This directs our attention to two related phenomena of the 1980s and 1990s: the resurgence of small business and the revival of entrepreneurship. There is ample evidence that economic activity moved away from large firms to small firms in the 1970s and 1980s. The most impressive and also the most cited is the share of the 500 largest American firms, the so-called Fortune 500. Their employment share dropped from 20 percent in 1970 to 8.5 percent in 1996. Carlsson (2012) provide evidence concerning manufacturing industries in countries in varying stages of economic development. They advanced two explanations for the shift toward smallness. The first deals with fundamental changes in the world economy from the 1970s onwards. These changes relate to the intensification of global competition, the increase in the degree of uncertainty and the growth in market fragmentation. The second deals with changes in the character of technological progress, which shows that flexible automation has various effects resulting in a shift from large to smaller firms. Also Piore and Sable (2014) argue that the instability of markets in the 1970s resulted in the demise of mass production and promoted flexible specialization. This fundamental change in the path of technological development led to the occurrence of vast diseconomies of scale.
Brock (2012) argue that the shift away from large firms is not confined to manufacturing industries and provide four more reasons why this shift has occurred: the increase of labor supply leading to lower real wages and coinciding with an increasing level of education; changes in consumer tastes; relaxation of (entry) regulations and the fact that we are in a period of creative destruction. Loveman and Sengenberger (2011) stress the influence of two trends of industrial restructuring: that of decentralization and vertical disintegration and that of the formation of new business communities. These intermediate forms of market coordination flourish owing to declining costs of transaction. Furthermore, they emphasize the role of public and private policies promoting the small business sector. Audretsch and Thurik (2010) point at the necessary shift towards the knowledge based economy being the driving force behind the move from large to smaller businesses.
The causes of this shift are one aspect. Its consequences cover a different area of research. He distinguishes four consequences of the increased importance of small firms: entrepreneurship, routes of innovation, industry dynamics and job generation.
His claims are that small firms play an important role in the economy serving as agents of change by their entrepreneurial activity, being the source of considerable innovative activity, stimulating industry evolution and creating an important share of the newly generated jobs. Acs and Audretsch (2011) are key references on the role of smallness in the process of innovative activities.
The re-evaluation of the role of small firms is related to a renewed attention to the role of entrepreneurship in firms. In case the size class distribution has an influence on growth, it must be differences in organization that matter. The major difference between the organization of a large firm and a small one is the role of ownership and management. In a small firm usually there is one person or a very small group of persons, which is in control and which shapes the firm and its future. The role of such a person is often described with the term ‘entrepreneurship’. Also, attention has been given to the role of entrepreneurship in economic development, i.e., for the functioning of markets. Many economists and politicians now have an intuition that there is a positive impact of entrepreneurship on the growth of GDP and employment. Furthermore, many stress the role of the entrepreneur in implementing innovations. This renewed interest of politicians and economists coincides with a revival of business ownership rates in most Western economies.
Entrepreneurship is like riding bicycle, you keep moving up or fall down, it reminds us that people who succeed are the efficient few with right ambition, and courage and they have power to develop themselves. Entrepreneurship brings about desired change and accelerates economic development. The role of entrepreneur was thus a practical response to a need for an organ that will cater for the interest and welfare of people in business and to business development in Nigeria.
Statement of the Problem
Entrepreneurship activities are very fundamental to any meaningful development of an economy (Ogundele and Ashamu, 2011). This explains the reason behind the government conscious policy statements that are often made in this direction. However, it has been noted that the benefit and relevance of entrepreneurship to accelerate economic growth cannot be achieved in isolation without the existence of the right opportunities that serve as the wheel of its development in education (Abdullahi, 2012). Chukwuemeka, Nzewi & Okigbo (2010) opine that a cursory look at Nigeria indicates that there is either lack of entrepreneurship ability or that the government entrepreneurship oriented policies are not effective.
The gains of entrepreneurship are only realized, however, if the business environment is receptive to innovation. In addition, policymakers need to prepare for the potential job losses that can occur in the medium term through ‘’creative destruction’’ as entrepreneurs strive for increased productivity (Sen, 2010). However, the theoretical and empirical cases for understanding the role of entrepreneurship are not yet solid. Evidence on whether entrepreneurship matters for economic growth is not straightforward; how entrepreneurship has been promoted and how it contributed to development in countries like China and the East Asian Tigers is still a matter of contention; and whether and why private-sector development initiatives may be effective is not well understood (Naude, 2011). Scrutiny of the relationship between entrepreneurship education and economic development is needed.
Above all, this study desires to look critically into the influence of entrepreneurial development on economic education in Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu State.
Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to find out the influence of entrepreneurial education on economic development in Enugu North Local Government Area.
Therefore the study will make every effort to reveal the various ways to encourage entrepreneurship development in Enugu state.
The expectations can be achieved by the following:
(1) To find out the entrepreneurship activities prevalent in Enugu North LGA.
(2) To determine the level of awareness of people towards entrepreneurship developments in Enugu state.
(3) To identify the constraints encountered by entrepreneurs in Enugu North LGA.
(4) To examine various ways that could be employed to develop entrepreneurship in order to get the desired result.
Significance of the Study
The research work will be of great significance to students, prospective and practicing entrepreneurs, co-operations, chief executives and other practicing managers of business and non–business organizations. This research work will serve as a background and catalyst to any future researchers and scholars who may wish to venture into the areas of promoting entrepreneurship education in Enugu state. Again the outcome of this research could be significance to the people with different occupations and professions. The conclusion which this research may expose, could lead to improvement and efficiency in Enugu state as regard to entrepreneurship. The confidence level on embarking on entrepreneurship development in Nigeria will improve, and more people or the general public will agree to venture in that business.
Scope of the Study
The geographical scope of the study will be limited to Enugu North Local Government Area. The aim will be the influence of entrepreneurial education on economic development in Enugu North L.G.A.
Research Questions
Having established the appropriate framework within which this research study is being conducted, it becomes necessary to raise some pertinent questions which are considered to be at the care of the subject matter of this research effort.
(1) What are the entrepreneurship activities prevalent in Enugu North LGA?
(2) To what extent are people aware of entrepreneurship developments in Enugu North LGA?
(3) What are the major constraints inhibiting entrepreneurs from carrying out their roles in economic development in Enugu North LGA?
(4) What ways could be adopted to develop entrepreneurship in Enugu North in order to get desired result?
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of related literature to the study under the following sub-headings: Conceptual Framework, Theoretical Framework, Empirical Studies and Summary of Literature Review.
Conceptual Framework
⦁ Concept of Entrepreneurship
⦁ History of Entrepreneur Development in Nigeria
⦁ Economic effects of entrepreneurship in Enugu State
⦁ Impact of Entrepreneurial Development in Enugu State
⦁ Strategies for Promoting Development of Entrepreneurship
⦁ Role of Educators in Entrepreneurship Development
⦁ Prospects of Developing Entrepreneurship in Enugu State
Theoretical Framework
⦁ Gartner Entrepreneurship Theory
Empirical Studies
Summary of Literature Review
Conceptual Framework
Concept of Entrepreneurship
The word entrepreneurship is defined by Hornby (2010) as one who organizes business undertaking assuming the risk for the sake of the profit. He also defined it as a person who organizes and manage a commercial undertaking. He therefore initiates, organizes, control and directs the process of production of goods and services and bears the risk.
According to Chukwuanukwu (2008), entrepreneurship can be seen as the willingness and the ability of an individual to seek out investment opportunities, establish and run an enterprise successfully.
Schumpeter (2010) described entrepreneurship as a creative and innovative response to the environment. Such response can take place in any field of social endeavour. For instance in business, industry, agriculture, education, social work and being done in a new is therefore a simple definition of entrepreneurship.
Glueck (2008) defined an entrepreneur as an individual who increase a new firm and continues to manage it until it is successful.
Entrepreneurship willingness to assume the risk depends on how healthy they think the economy will be in the future, the past and political stability in the country, government incentives and the expected returns from undertaking the risk, their abilities among other factors.
Meredith (2011) described an entrepreneur as an individual who has the ability to see and evaluate business opportunities, gather the necessary resources to take advantage to them, and initiate opportunity action to ensure success.
According to Shane and Ventaraman, (2010), entrepreneurship is the creation and management of a new organization designed to pursue a unique, innovative opportunity and achieve rapid, profitable growth. Kanothi (2009), quoting Binks and Vale (2010), defines entrepreneurship as an unreleased combination of economic resources instigated by the uncertain prospect of temporary monopoly profit. Entrepreneurship also entails the act of risk taking, innovation, arbitrage and co-ordination of factors of production in the creation of new products or services for new and existing users in human society (Acts and storey 2014, minimize and Levesque 2008 Nacide 2007, Kanothi, 2009).
Scope of Entrepreneurship
There is no limitation to business opportunities available to entrepreneurs; they are not restricted to any sector of the economy. As such, entrepreneurs can go in to any kind of business of their choice except that they have to abide by the rules and regulations of the country as it affect business opportunities available to them. It includes the following:
⦁ Merchandising (buying and selling) either as wholesaler or retailer. Most Nigerian entrepreneurs especially in Enugu state urban areas are interested in this area of business. May be because they feel it is less risky and has quick returns on investment.
⦁ Transportation: Air, sea and land transport, many entrepreneur are into transportation business these days to reduce the hardship being encountered by commuters in both urban and rural areas. Other areas entrepreneurs can go into are construction business, manufacturing and advertising, hotel and hospital services etc.
Entrepreneurial Tasks
Entrepreneurship is concerned with many activities that have to do with the establishment and operation of business enterprise. These activities include: Identification of incensement opportunities; exploit for profit; gathering the resources needed for production and distribution of goods and material resources.
1. Identification of Opportunity: This task borders on personal gift, where others may not. It may be a need that exists for certain products or services, but everybody is not aware of it and so missed the opportunity.
2. Choice of Opportunity: This also depends on personality. Most entrepreneur are practical people, they want to do things. Naturally their training and background suggest what they see as choice of opportunity.
Entrepreneurial Traits
Entrepreneurship is an important ingredient in the process of economic development of a state, as such advanced nations and researchers have spent much of their time to search for factors that make for successful entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurs are likely to do well if they possess the following traits.
1. Risk Taking
2. Hard working
3. Accountability
4. Goal Setting
1. Risk Taking: Entrepreneurs are calculated risk takers, they enjoy the excitement of a challenge but they don’t gamble. Entrepreneurs avoid low risk situation because there is lack of challenges. A risk situation involves potential success and potential loss: the greater the possible loss, the greater the risk involved.
2. Self Confidence: Entrepreneurs have self confidence in whatever they are doing. They are very optimistic and they have a liking for independence. It makes them venture into private business even when others are shying away from it or are failing.
3. Hard Working: They are hard working individual who is determined to achieve his set objective. He persists in whatever he is doing even when the work is done. An entrepreneur is mentally attached to the job.
4. Accountability: entrepreneurs love success in whatever they attempt. In their quest for success they sometime meet with failure. They are not just interested in money pest, but in what he is able to achieve with his money.
5. Good Setting: Entrepreneurs have objectives; based on their objectives, they set a goal for themselves. In a way to achieve the set goal, some appear to be tensed up and restless until the set goal is achieved.
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