PREVALENCE OF OBESITY AMONG MALE AND FEMALE HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS IN IJEBU-ODE AND IJEBU EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT


Department Of Education


PAGES: 62
FORMAT: MS WORD
Chapters: 1-5
PRICE: ₦ 5,000.00

PREVALENCE OF OBESITY AMONG MALE AND FEMALE HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS IN IJEBU-ODE AND IJEBU EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the study

Obesity has become a major public health concern worldwide and it is now recognized by major health promotion bodies as a major cardiovascular risk factor as the cardiovascular disease continues to become a major cause of morbidity and mortality even in the developing countries where it has been estimated that up to 75% of the expected increase in the cardiovascular disease burden will come by 2020 (Adebiyi, 2006). The increase in obesity worldwide will have an important impact on the global incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Ifatade, 2009). Obesity is excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, while overweight represents a bodyweight exceeding the normal for a person's gender, age, height and build. The National Cholesterol Education Program (Adult Treatment Panel III) recognized obesity, physical inactivity, and atherogenic diet as major risk factors for Cardiovascular disease (Manson; Colditz, and Stamper, 2009)

In the opinion of Opadijo Akande and Jimoh (2004), obesity is associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular and renal diseases. The prevalence of obesity and obesity-related disease is increasing worldwide, the prevalence of obesity increases with age predominantly in men and scarcely in women. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that obesity cost the United States at least $147 billion in 2008. Consequently, strategies for preventing and treating obesity have become political as well as health-care issues.

In both adults and children, obesity rates have increased over the past several decades in the United States (Koh, 2008).  Obesity rates have increased in both genders, and among all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. Approximately 68% of US adults are either overweight or obese which could be accounted for by their lack of physical exercise and hefty fatty constituted diets they consume. (Cali, 2005).  Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, the prevalence of obesity in 2007–2008 was 32.2% among adult men and 35.5% among adult women (Steinberg, 2004). Among adults, the prevalence of obesity increases with age in men. The prevalence of obesity among African Americans is approximately1.5 times of whites, and Mexican Americans have an intermediate prevalence (Meyers, 2007). During the past three decades, prevalence rates of childhood and adolescent obesity (body mass index (BMI) >95th percentile for age and sex) have more than doubled in the United States. In 2006, 16.3% of children and adolescents were reportedly obese, and approximately 32% of children are either overweight or obese. Childhood obesity frequently persists into adulthood, with up to 80% of obese children reported to become obese adults (Serdula, 2003). Among adolescents, the prevalence of obesity is approximately twice as high among African Americans and Mexican Americans as among non-Hispanic whites (Cali, 2008).

Because of the increasing prevalence of obesity in the United States, it has been projected that the steady increase in life expectancy during the past two centuries will soon end (Olshanky, 2003).

However, recent reports from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggest that obesity rates may be stabilizing. Obesity rates have remained constant for 5 years in men and closer to 10 years in women and children. The prevalence of obesity is increasing not only in the United States but also globally (Misra, 2008). Socioeconomic and demographic transitions occurring in many developing countries are contributing to the escalation of obesity despite continuing nutritional deficiencies. This double burden poses health and economic challenges in resource-constrained populations. In 1998, the prevalence of obesity in the developing world had increased from 2.3 to 19.6% over a 10-year period (Adebiyi, 2006). Obesity rates have increased threefold or more since 1980 in the Middle East, the Pacific Islands, Australasia, and China. Additionally, the prevalence of childhood overweight has increased in almost all countries for which data are available (Oghagbon and Okesina 2006). Obesity in the developing world is no longer a disease of higher socioeconomic status groups; the burden of obesity is shifting toward groups with lower socioeconomic status as the country’s gross national product increases. The increasing prevalence of obesity is related to urbanization, major changes in the food supply, diet, and a reduction in physical activity (Vantallie, 2009 )

Obesity is a component of metabolic syndrome which represents a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This cluster of risk factors includes type 2-diabetes Mellitus, elevated triglyceride level, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL), low high-density lipoprotein, elevated blood pressure, and obesity. Obesity is thought to be the primary substrate in its development by various international bodies such as World Health Organization (WHO), American Diabetes Association (ADA), and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF).

The current epidemic of obesity is caused largely by an environment that promotes excessive food intake and discourages physical activity. Urban populations in different countries have changed their diets increasing fat and sugar consumption and decreasing fiber intake leading to overweight, obesity, and more cardiovascular deaths. There is a complex link between poverty and obesity which may be responsible for the increasing numbers of obese people even among the poorer segments of society. Low educational attainment, which is a strong predictor of health behavior, is a major link between them. Therefore, primary prevention of obesity is needed among youths and women, particularly among those from lower socio-economic backgrounds (Davis, 2008).

It is also known that the age of obesity onset may have a significant influence on the persistence of obesity and adverse consequences in adult life Treatment of obesity and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases should be initiated as early as possible.

Strategies given to address the problem of obesity among ethnic minorities include increasing physical activity, reducing television viewing, and the adoption and maintenance of healthy lifestyle practices for the entire family. The World Heart Federation recommends that obesity prevention programs should be high on the scientific and political agenda of both industrialized and industrializing countries. Promoting healthy lifestyles should be national priorities and international priority, beginning in schools and carried over into workplaces, communities, and the health care system as a whole.

Statement of the problem

The relevance of both hypertension and obesity, as important public health challenges, is increasing worldwide. Compared with the year 2000, the number of adults with hypertension is predicted to increase by approximately 60% to a total of 1.56 billion by the year 2025 (Kearney, 2005). The growing prevalence of obesity is increasingly recognized as one of the most important risk factors for the development of hypertension. This epidemic of obesity and obesity-related hypertension is paralleled by an alarming increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. According to Popkin (2008), a small amount of weight loss in overweight hypertensive individuals is associated with a decrease in arterial pressure. Indeed, over the last decade, most studies have demonstrated that treatment of hypertension with weight loss resulted in lower blood pressure. This suggests that a decrease in intra-abdominal fat reduces blood pressure in hypertensive patients and supports the use of waist circumference. It is against this background that this study is poised to assess the prevalence of obesity among male and female hypertensive patients.

Justification of the Study

This study would help to determine the prevalence of obesity among male and female hypertensive patients. This will improve awareness of the modalities for further educating the male and female adults on the need to engage in physical activities and attend regular health seminars related to obesity-related hypertension. Health workers will also find it a useful diagnosis to the quest for a healthy population in Nigeria.  This study is also significant in the sense that it contributes to the body of knowledge about obesity-related hypertension.  It is also significant because it gives the researcher a sense of fulfillment and also serves as a reference point for students writing research on related topics.

Research Questions

1.                  Is there any difference in the prevalence of obesity among male and female hypertensive patients within the study area?

Research Hypotheses

H01:     There is no significant difference in the prevalence of obesity among male and female hypertensive patients within the study area

General Objectives

The general objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of obesity among male and female hypertensive patients

Specific Objectives

Specific objectives are:

a) To determine the prevalence of obesity among male and female hypertensive patients using height and weight measurement and waist circumference.

b) To determine the Body Mass Index (BMI) for male and female hypertensive patients.

c) To measure the waist circumference of the respondents

Scope of the Study

The study is delimited to hypertensive patients attending general hospitals in Ijebu-Ode.

A cross-section of the patients will constitute the coverage of the study

Operational Definition of Terms

Obesity: is a medical condition characterized by the storage of excess body fat. The human body naturally stores fat tissue under the skin and around organs and joints (Manson, 2009 ).

Prevalence: rate of occurrence of a particular phenomenon (Encanta, 2009)

Nurses: Professional saddled with the responsibility of assisting doctors in a health care delivery center (Akinniyi, 2011)

Cholesterol: this is a substance found in blood fat and most tissues of the body, i.e too  much cholesterol can cause heart disease (CDC, 2004)

Body Mass Index: Body Mass Index (B.M.I): It is a simple index of weight for height that is commonly used to classify underweight, overweight, and obesity in adults. It is defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (WHO 2004). 

.



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC OR KEYWORD AND CLICK SEARCH:

HOW TO GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL ON PREVALENCE OF OBESITY AMONG MALE AND FEMALE HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS IN IJEBU-ODE AND IJEBU EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT

  • * Click the green DOWNLOAD Button above

    * Select any option to get the complete project material instantly.

    * Chat our 24/7 customer service desk on WhatsApp# (+234) 0803-766-4978 and get your complete project material instantly.

    * All project materials on this website are well researched by professionals with high level of professionalism.


TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS

Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.


  • Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.

    "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."


  • Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.

    "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"


  • Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.

    "Researchwap.net is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.net" and God bless you and your business! ."


  • Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.

    "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."


  • Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

    "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."


  • Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .

    "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."


  • Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University

    "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."


  • Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.

    "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."


  • Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.

    "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"


  • Theressa, Igbinedion University.

    "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 5k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"


  • Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.

    "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."


  • Christiana, Landmark University .

    "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"


  • Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna

    "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."


  • Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.

    "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 5k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."


  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.
    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

  • How can I get the complete project - PREVALENCE OF OBESITY AMONG MALE AND FEMALE HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS IN IJEBU-ODE AND IJEBU EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT

    Simply click on the DOWNLOAD green button above and follow the procedure stated.


    Is it a complete project work or just materials?

    Yes, it's a Complete Research Project material. i.e Chapters 1-5, Abstract, Table of Contents, Full References, Questionnaires / Secondary Data


    What if I want to change the case study for PREVALENCE OF OBESITY AMONG MALE AND FEMALE HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS IN IJEBU-ODE AND IJEBU EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT, What can i do?

    Chat with Our 24/7 Customer Service Desk Now: WhatsApp# and you will be responded to Instantly


    How long does it take to get the complete project on PREVALENCE OF OBESITY AMONG MALE AND FEMALE HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS IN IJEBU-ODE AND IJEBU EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT?

    Depending on how fast your payment and details is acknowledged by us, you will get the complete project within 30 minutes. However, on a very good day you can still get it within 15 minutes!


    How will I get my complete project?

    The Complete Project Material will be Delivered via your Email Address in an MS Word document format


    Can I get my Complete Project through WhatsApp?

    Yes! We also send your Complete Research Project to your WhatsApp Number


    What if my Project Supervisor made some changes to a topic i picked from your website?

    Call or Chat With Our 24/7 Custumer Care Desk: +2348037664978 and you will be responded to Instantly


    Do you assist students with Assignment, Term Paper, Seminar and Project Proposal?

    Call or Chat With Our 24/7 Custumer Care Desk: +2348037664978 and you will be responded to Instantly


    What if i do not have any project topic idea yet?

    Don't Worry! We've Got Your Covered. Chat with us on WhatsApp# (+234) 0803-766-4978 to Get Instant Help.


    Why should I trust this website?

    We are well aware of fraudulent activities that have been happening on the internet. It is regrettable, but hopefully declining. However, we wish to reinstate to our esteemed clients that we are genuine and duly registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission as "TOPNOTCH INFOTECH ENTERPRISE". This site runs on Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), therefore all transactions on this site are HIGHLY secure and safe!


    I have a fresh topic that is not on your site. How do I go about it?

    Don't Worry, Chat with us on WhatsApp# (+234) 0803-766-4978 to Get Instant Help.



PROJECT DETAILS

PAGES: 62
FORMAT: MS WORD
Chapters: 1-5
PRICE: ₦ 5,000.00




TYPE TOPIC OR KEYWORD AND CLICK SEARCH: