EXTRACTION AND DETERMINATION OF THE PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CASHEW NUT OIL


EXTRACTION AND DETERMINATION OF THE PHYSICAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CASHEW NUT OIL  

ABSTRACT

Cashew nut oil is basically extracted from the fruit of cashew by the cold pressed method. The cashew nuts have a shell which has a hard layer inside and an oily layer outside. The cashew nut is actively contained within this. The oil comes out of the outer ashy colored shell. This oil is basically considered as toxic for the human beings but still, it has various uses.

Four methods were used in caring out the chemical properties of cashew nut. The methods are Saponification value, Acid value, peroxide value, and Iodine value.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title

Certification 

Dedication

Acknowledgement 

Abstract

Table of Content

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Nutrient value/Composition of Cashew Nut

1.1.1 Overall composition of cashew nut

1.1.2 Total Nutrient content of cashew nut

1.1.3 Protein Content of Cashew Nut

1.1.4 Carbohydrate content of Cashew Nut

1.1.5 Fatty Acid Content of Cashew Nut

1.1.6 Vitamin content of Cashew Nut

1.2 Uses of Cashew Nut

1.3 Potential of Cashew Cultivation

1.4 Cashew Nut Shell liquid composition and properties.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Physio Chemical Properties of Cashew Nut

2.1 Mineral Content of Cashew Nut

2.1.1 Mineral Composition of Cashew Nut

2.1.2 Analysis of Mineral in Cashew Nut

2.2 Analysis of Acid, Sponification and Iodine value in Cashew Nut.

2.3 Aim of the Project

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Experimental 

3.1 Material and Apparatus

3.1.1 Reagents

3.1.2 Apparatus and Equipment

3.2 Collection of Sample

3.3 Preparation of Sample

3.4 Preparation of Reagent

3.4.1 Preparation of Methanolic Pottassium Hydroxide

3.4.2 Preparation of 1% phenophtaein

3.4.3 Preparation of 0.1 sodium thiosulphate

3.4.4 Preparation of Starch Indicator

3.4.5 Preparation of 5% Potassium Iodide

3.4.6 Preparation of 0.1m of NAOH (Sodium Hydroxide)

3.4.7 Preparation of 0.5m Hcl (hydrochloric Acid)

3.5 Extraction of CNoil

3.6 Physicochemical Analysis

3.6.1 Physical Properties Determination

3.6.1.1 Colour

3.6.1.2 Density

3.6.1.3 Specific Gravity

3.6.2 Chemical Properties Determination

3.6.2.1 Determination of Saponification Value

3.6.2.2 Determination of Iodine Value

3.6.2.3 Determination of Acid Value

3.6.2.4 Determination of Peroxide Value

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Result and Discussion

4.1 Result

4.2 Appendix

4.3 Discussion 

4.4 Conclusion

4.5 Reference 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The cashew nut (Anacadium Occidentale) produces nuts, the Kernels of which have increase considerably in economic importance over the past few decades. Indigenous to Brazil. The cashew was taken to West Africa, East and India by the Portuguese in the 15th and 6th centuries. It was noticed that the tree grew well on poor sandy soils along the costal belt and was used by the Portuguese in Africa as an anti soil, erosion measure the tree prospered and spread naturally, particularly in East Africa and India and the progeny of these wild cashew has formed the basis of the raw material for the cashew industry. Through the plant was primarily intended for checking soil erosion, it is now mainly grown for its commercially important kernel and shell oil. (Tiyadurai 1963).

Cashew nut is a high value edible nut. It yield two oils one of these found between the seed coat (or pericare) and the nut, is called the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSC). It is used in industry as a raw material for brake lining compounds, as a water proofing agent, a preservative and in the manufacturing of paints and plastics. Iy is toxic and corrosive to the skin. (Cashew applies are sometimes made locally in to fruit drinks, wines and pickles.

The fat of nut is completely naturally and unprocessed which is best for the body. It is especially rich in Linoleic acid (omega-3) and is least damaging to heart and arteries. Infact, it constitutes about 47% of the total weight of the nut. Nut often produce oil half their weight. It could be good news for people who feel week debilitated. Cashew has the right combination of fat and the ratio consumption. The relative abundance of monounsaturated fatty acids in cashew nut is conducive to the promotion of good health and that the relative abundance of fat is cashew nut in no way poses a nutritional risk (Achal 2005). The advantages of cashew kernel is that it has a rich, delightful taste and it meaty and acceptable as it.

NUTRITIVE VALUE/COMPOSITION

Cashew is a highly nutritious and concentrated form of food, providing a substantial amount of energy. The cashew nut kernel has a pleasant taste and flavor and can be eaten raw, fried and sometimes salted or sweetened with sugar (manay et al, 1987). It also contributes as an important source of invisible fat in the diet, being widely used in a variety of ways there has been a growing demand for cashew. The nut contains an acid compound which is a powerful vesicant, which is abrasive to the skin. There has been a growing demand for cashew in many temperate countries where the demand is increasing (Russel, 1979).

1.1.1 OVERALL COMPOSITION

The kernel is considered to be of high nutritive quality and growing conditions or the variety of cashew may have an influence on kernel composition (Ohler, 1979). The overall composition of the kernel is protein 21%, fat 46% and carbohydrate 25%.

 1.1.2 TOTAL NUTRIENT CONTENT

The total nutrient value of 100g of cashew nut is presented in table 1.

Moisture is 5.9

Total mineral = 2.4

Total fibre = 1.3

Energy = 785

Protein = 24

Carbohydrate = 41

Thiamin = 0.63

Niacin = 2.5

Vitamin K  = 650 Total fate = 64

Saturated = 12.9

Unsaturated (linoleic) = 10.2

Ca = 53

P = 52.2

Fe = 5.3

Riboflarin = 0.19

Beta – Carotene = 60

Retinol Equivalent = 331u;10mcg 

1.1.3 PROTEIN CONTENT

Wide differences in the protein content ranging from 13.13 to 25.03% have been reported from various region of India. 

It has been suggested that protein content be considered as one of the most important factors in future breeding and selection programs on cashew nut. The Amino acid composition of kernel protein has been reported by various experts. (Tabel 2) Amino-Acid composition of cashew kernel protein. 

Glutamic Acid = 28.0

Leucine = 11.93

Iso levcine = 3.86

Alanine = 3.18

Phenylalanire = 4.35

Tyrosine = 3.20

Glycine = 5.20

Histidine = 1.81

Lysine  = 3.32 Methionine = 1.30

Cystine = 1.02

Threonine = 2.78

Valine = 4.53

Tryptophane = 1.37

Aspartic Acid = 10.78

Proline = 3.72

Serine = 5.76

1.1.4 CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT

Analysis of cashew nut kernels from different region of India have revealed that there are variation in the reducing sugar content from 1% to 3% and the non-reducing sugar from 2.4% to 8.7% starch content ranged from 4.6 % to 11.2% and the oil content also showed a wide variability from 34.5% to 46.8%.

1.1.5 FATTY ACID COMPOSITION

The fat and oil content of cashew nut contribute substantially to its energy content and consist mostly of glycerides of Oleic acid (73.8%) and linoleic acid (7.7%) (Ohler, 1979). Table 3 gives the composition of fats in cashew kernels.

Table 3: Fatty and composition of Cashew kernel (%)

Oleic Acid 73.3

Linoleic acid 7.67

Palmitic Acid 0.89

Steric Acid 11.24

Lignoseric Acid 0.15

Unsciponifiable matter 0.42

1.1.6 VITAMIN CONTENT 

The vitamin content of cashew nut kernel shown in table 4 indicates that 0.5 to 1.4mg per 100g of thiamin and 0.58 mg per 100g of riboflavin, a good proportion of vitamin E and traces of other vitamin are present in cashew.

Table 4–vitamin content (mg per 100gm) of cash kernels

Thiamin 0.56

Niacin 3.68

Zocopherol 0.58

Pyridoxine traces

Axerophtol traces

Vitamin D traces

It may be mentioned that vitamin E content of cashew nut could be a beneficial factor, in view of the wider use in the diet of the elderly and those who run the risk of cardiorasovar disease. Vitamin E is also a powerful anti-oxidant and its role in Lipid metabolism has been well established. (KuruP, 1989)

1.1.7    MINIRAL CONTENT

        The mineral content of cashew kernel (Table 5) appear to be mineral as compared to the higher mineral content of the cashew apple, especially the high vitamin C content (240mg), most citrus species such as orange have only 45mg of vitamine C. however, the cashew apple is yet to be requirement in the tropical countries where crop is grown. The high price of cashew kernels wills certainly the planting program in various countries. Since the cashew nut market competes with other nut, there is both be increased production of all nuts (Russel, 1979).  

Table 5: Mineral content of cashew kernel (%)

Ca = 0.04

P = 0.88

Na = 0.005

K = 0.57

mg = 0.28

fe = 0.0008 Cu = 0.002

Zn = 0.004

Mn = 0.02

 1.2 USES OF CASHEW NUT OIL

The cashew Nut shell (CNS2), a byproduct of processing cashew, is mostly composed of anacardic acid (Alexandra 2000) (70%) cardol (18%) and cardanol (5%) (A.B, 2012). These acid have been used effectively against 100th abscesses due to their lethality to a wide range of gram –position bacteria many part of the plant are used by the patamona of Guyana medicinally. The bark is scraped and soaked overnight or boiled as an antidiarrheal; it also yields a gum used in varnish. Seeds are ground into powder used for antiveran for snake bites; the nut oil is used topically as an antifungal and for healing cracked heels.

Anacarde acid is also used in the chemical industry for the production of cardanol, which is used for resins, coating, and frictional material. (Alenxandre 2008) cashew nut is a popular snack and it is rich flavor means that it is often eaten roasted, on its own, lightly salted or tree nuts, containing starch to about 10% of their weight. This makes them more effective than other nuts in thickening water-based dishes such as soup, meat stews and some India milk based deserts. Many South East Asia and South Asian cuisines use cashew for this unusual characteristic, rather than other nuts. (Harold Mc Gee 2004).

The shell of the cashew is toxic, which is why the cashew is shelled before it is sold to consumers.

1.3 POTENTIAL OF CASHEW CULTIVATION 

The cashew tree (Anacardium Occidentale) was brought to India by Portuguese in 1653 AD from eastern Brazil. Then is spread across almost all parts of the country and now it is among the top 3 commercial crops as per cashew statistic book (2001). Cashew tree is evergreen and relatively easy to cultivate. It grows up to 12 meters high and has a spread of 25 meters, most frequently found in coastal areas.

Table 1: Cashew nut production worldwide year 2000 – Jason. W Clay (2004)

Country Area hectares Cashew nut 103tons/year

India 837,000 537

Brazil 598,000 114

Nigeria 291,000 184

Indonesia 260,000 91

Guinea Bissau 210,000 73

Benin 175,000 26

Vietnam 151,000 27

Coted’ivore 125,000 78

Tanzania 90,000 121

World 2,742,000 1,600

Table 2: All India area, production and yield of cashew nut (directorate of cashew nut and cocoa development, Cochin, Kerala 2011 report).

Year Cashew Cultivated area 1000 hectares Production area 1000 hectares Cashew Production 1000 tons Cashew yield kg per hectare

2001-02 837,000 666 470 710

2002-03 598,000 675 550 760

2003-04 291,000 684 535 800

2004-05 260,000 700 544 810

2005-06 210,000 760 573 815

2006-07 175,000 765 620 820

2007-08 151,000 770 665 860

2008-09 125,000 835 695 773

1.4 CASHEW NUT SHELL COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES

The cashew nut shell is about 0.3cm thick, hang a soft feathery outer skin and hard inner skin between these skins is the honey comb structure contain CNSL ln side the shell is the our kernel wrapped in at thin skin know as the testa CNS is a reddish brown viscous liquid, having (4) major components: Anacardic acid, cardonl, methy1 cardol which are naturally occurring unstrurated phenols (NSL is traditionally obtained as a byproduct during the process of removing the cashew kernel from the nut. The process used are mainly hot oil and roasting in which the cash out from the shell.

Natural (i.e cold, solvent extracted) (NSL is a liquid that contain approximately 70% anacardic acid, 18% cardol and 5% cardanol, with the remainder being made up of other phenols and less polar substance (m 9 to 5, J.E.X etal, 2009). As can be seen in figure 2, anacardic acid, cardanol and cardol consist of mixture of compound having various degrees of instauration in the allyside chain.

Chemical structure of Anacardic Acid, Cardanol and cardol.

.


TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.COM

Researchwap.com is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.com guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.com is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.com" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.