THE EFFECT OF BOKO HARAM, HERDSMEN, FARMER CLASHING AND CATTLE RUSTLING CRISIS ON AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS PRODUCTIVITY AND FOOD SECURITY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA


Department Of PEACE STUDIES AND CONFLICT RESOLUTION


PAGES: 68
FORMAT: MS WORD
Chapters: 1-5
PRICE: ₦ 5,000.00

THE EFFECT OF BOKO HARAM, HERDSMEN, FARMER CLASHING AND CATTLE RUSTLING CRISIS ON AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS PRODUCTIVITY AND FOOD SECURITY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA  

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Agriculture is a traditional source of employment in most of the states in Nigeria. Percentage of persons involved in agriculture ranges between 24.4 and 85.1 per cent across all zones in Nigeria. With respect to these states, the activity ranges between 2.4 and 91.7 per cent, with majority of states having over 50 percent increases in agricultural output, brought about by increasing land and labour productivity. Boko Haram activities, has destabilized socio-economic activities, increased crime and destruction of both life and property of Nigerian citizens. Affected are the mass movement of people living in northern part of the country most especially Northern part of Adamawa state. This situation has made it impossible for the citizens in that part of the state to carry on their legitimate activities such as farming, livestock production to mention a few. It is also scaring foreign investors out of this part of the country. Students have been forced to flee their schools. Agricultural sector has been destabilized. The gravity of the crisis has brought about decline in productivity that escalates the prices of Agricultural output reduces the per capita income of an individual. Productivity of peasant farmers is essential and fundamental to any society or nation. In fact, agricultural sector is the driving force of any national economy in the world. Nations do not only plan for production, but also heavily invest in agricultural sector to boost food production, increase gross domestic product and by extension, secure the citizens from hunger and subsequent malnutrition. However, more often than not, insecurity constituted by Boko Haram in Adamawa state of Nigeria has to a large extent tampered with tens of thousands of people whom major activities is farming. The protracted violence in the affected zone has forced large scale farmers to abandon their farming activities in search for their dear lives. This has to some extent crippled economic activities and hence led to reduction in internally generated revenue of the state.

The mass displacement of people have resulted to poor harvest in the Northern and some central part of Adamawa state; mainly Mubi North, Mubi South, Michika, Madagali, Maiha, Hong and Gombi Local government areas of the State. In addition, rising prices of food and other services in Adamawa have always been linked to high rate of insurgency in the state. There are challenges to low productivity, mass displacement, and decrease in internally generated revenue of the state. Most literature on Boko Haram has argued that insecurity in Nigeria occurs due to: (i) Economic and poverty level in the area, mostly insurgent gain members by claiming their struggle is for the people and that they would provide basic necessity for the general population if supported, (ii). Activities of internal actors and external actors. The study area has recorded the highest activities of Boko Haram in the state. This has made the farmland for productivity in the study area inaccessible, because of the current growth of insurgency and crisis. 

In sub-Saharan Africa, some scholars have argued that there is an increase in resource-use conflicts especially farmer–herder conflict, since the Sahelian drought of the 1970s and 1980s (Hussien et al. 1999; Tonah 2006). The Sahelian drought caused the movement of many herders to West Africa especially the savannah areas for survival (Tonah 2005). The movement and settlement of the herders in the West African zone caused increased violent conflict between herders and local farmers especially the struggle for water and land for their activities. Increasing conflict means ‘more conflict, a new scale of conflict being attained/increased frequency or intensity of existing conflicts’ (Hussein et al., 1999). Matthew et al. (2009) found that since 1990 exploitation and competition over natural resources have been the cause of nearly eighteen violent conflicts in some West African countries, Darfur and the Middle East. Also, the Ministry of Animal Resources in Burkina Faso reported that about 600 conflicts between farmers and herders are recorded in the country every year (IRIN, 2012). In Nigeria (Benue), a total of 1,200 people were killed in 2014 due to the conflict between local farmers and Fulani herders.

The etiology of this conflict has been blamed mainly on crop destruction by cattle that enter farms, sometimes in the presence of the herders owning them, fierce competition over shrinking arable lands, and the inability of government institutions to solve the conflict (Abubakari & Longi 2014; Tonah 2005). Also, Hagberg (1998) argues that this type of conflict stems from competition over scarce resources because of increased in population, migration and land degradation. This is in line with the population theory of Malthus, which sees a population increase as a source of resource competition and conflict. Thomas Malthus argued that population will grow exponentially whilst food production will grow arithmetically (Seidl and Tisdell 1999). Thus, the population will double with each cycle, and food production will increase gradually which will cause scarcity of resources in the future. Therefore, theoretically, the environmental–scarcity debate has been at the centre of discussions by scholars when explaining causes of farmer–herder conflict. But critics have argued that the Malthusian and environmental/scarcity debate has not been able to explain other drivers of farmer–herder conflict (Moritz 2010). For instance, factors such as increased availability of modern weapons, limited laws on pastoralism, marginalization of herders, corruption, and expansion of farmlands have been stated as causal factors by some scholars (Hagberg 1998; Tonah 2006; Benjaminsen and Ba 2009; Mwamfupe 2015). However, this study shall investigate the effect of Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on agricultural business productivity and food security in Northern Nigeria.

1.2 Statement of the Problem 

It is no more news that Nigeria is a multi-ethnic and multi religious state with several hundred ethnic nationalities each with its language, traditions and culture. However the biggest challenges threatening the corporate existence of Nigeria today is Boko Haram, herdsmen, famer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on agricultural business productivity and food security , there has been unceasing blows delivered by the crisis to the indigenous farming population. While the Federal government has failed to come up with a pragmatic approach that can solve the crisis, the daily news channels are littered with stories and gory pictures of ongoing attacks. Inconsistencies in government policies seem to exacerbate these conflicts. While the State governments have introduced different laws as a way of addressing these problem the federal government seems confused, undecided and is even perceived as complicit. Unless something quick actions are taken by both the Federal government, these crises may go beyond their control. Boko Haram, herdsmen, famer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on agricultural business productivity and food security have been in Nigeria for decades, and northern Nigeria has been the main theatre witnessing the escalation of the crises which has witnessed mass destruction of farm lands, houses and human genocide within the period under review. 

The assumption of this study is that this problem can be tackled by identifying its root cause, its manifestations and implications and by diverging and proffering solutions. Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on agricultural business productivity and food security is an issue which has come to stay in Nigeria for decade and it is fast growing by the day. People have deserted their farms, houses etc seeking refuge in other places thereby becoming strangers in other lands. 

1.3 Research Objectives 

The general objective of this study is to determine the effect of Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on agricultural business productivity and food security in Northern Nigeria. The specific objectives are:

i) To evaluate the impacts of insurgency on the agricultural output of farmers in Northern Nigeria

ii) To understand the impacts of Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on the availability of credit facilities to peasant farmers in Northern Nigeria

iii) To determine the economic, cultural, social implications and consequences of Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis in Northern Nigeria

1.4 Research Questions 

The following are some of the questions which this study intends to answer:

i) What are the impacts of insurgency on the agricultural output of farmers in Northern Nigeria?

ii) What are the impact of Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on the availability of credit facilities to peasant farmers in Northern Nigeria?

iii) What are the economic, cultural, social implications and consequences of Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis in Northern Nigeria?

1.5 Research Hypotheses 

The following hypotheses were postulated to guide the conduct of this study;

i) There is a significant influence of Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on the availability of credit facilities to peasant farmers in Northern Nigeria

ii) There is a significant impact of Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on the economic, cultural, social activities in Northern Nigeria

iii) There is a significant relationship between insurgency and the agricultural output of farmers in Northern Nigeria

1.6 Significance of the Study 

The recent escalation of Boko Haram, herdsmen, farmer clashing and cattle rustling crisis on agricultural business productivity and food security in Northern Nigeria has grossly robbed Nigeria’s rapid growth and development as the conflict usually result in massive destruction of cattle, food, property and human life. This obviously has caused the country a lot of setback as development cannot thrive in such areas which are affected by conflict. Therefore it is important to adopt a multidimensional approach to the solution of this crisis, including the contribution of this study 

Apart from the fact that there is slow pace of development if any, the country also runs the risk of a poor relationship among the various ethnic groups as such people who formally love been involved will have the fear of travelling to the state of their enemies. This study is therefore justified under the premise that, it will serve as an eye opener for those who are affected by this particular conflict, to foster peace amongst various communities across the nation. The study could also serve as a reference point for other scholars in this study area and students can also learn from it. 

1.7 Scope of the Study 

This study will cover farmers and herders from Northern Areas of Nigeria. This is because it focuses on the effects on agricultural business productivity and food security with particular attention on Northern States in Nigeria. Therefore, one state from each of the three northern geopolitical zones (North East, North West and North Central) shall be selected.

1.8 Limitations of the Study 

The study will be carried out in the three northern geopolitical zones. Due to financial constraints and shortage of time, only one state from each zone will be covered, and therefore findings of the study cannot be generalized to the entire country. 

.



TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC OR KEYWORD AND CLICK SEARCH:

HOW TO GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT MATERIAL ON THE EFFECT OF BOKO HARAM, HERDSMEN, FARMER CLASHING AND CATTLE RUSTLING CRISIS ON AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS PRODUCTIVITY AND FOOD SECURITY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

  • * Click the green DOWNLOAD Button above

    * Select any option to get the complete project material instantly.

    * Chat our 24/7 customer service desk on WhatsApp# (+234) 0803-766-4978 and get your complete project material instantly.

    * All project materials on this website are well researched by professionals with high level of professionalism.


TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS

Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.


  • Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.

    "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."


  • Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.

    "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"


  • Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.

    "Researchwap.net is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.net" and God bless you and your business! ."


  • Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.

    "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."


  • Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

    "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."


  • Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .

    "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."


  • Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University

    "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."


  • Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.

    "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."


  • Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.

    "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"


  • Theressa, Igbinedion University.

    "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 5k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"


  • Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.

    "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."


  • Christiana, Landmark University .

    "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"


  • Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna

    "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."


  • Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.

    "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 5k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."


  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.
    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

  • How can I get the complete project - THE EFFECT OF BOKO HARAM, HERDSMEN, FARMER CLASHING AND CATTLE RUSTLING CRISIS ON AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS PRODUCTIVITY AND FOOD SECURITY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA

    Simply click on the DOWNLOAD green button above and follow the procedure stated.


    Is it a complete project work or just materials?

    Yes, it's a Complete Research Project material. i.e Chapters 1-5, Abstract, Table of Contents, Full References, Questionnaires / Secondary Data


    What if I want to change the case study for THE EFFECT OF BOKO HARAM, HERDSMEN, FARMER CLASHING AND CATTLE RUSTLING CRISIS ON AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS PRODUCTIVITY AND FOOD SECURITY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA, What can i do?

    Chat with Our 24/7 Customer Service Desk Now: WhatsApp# and you will be responded to Instantly


    How long does it take to get the complete project on THE EFFECT OF BOKO HARAM, HERDSMEN, FARMER CLASHING AND CATTLE RUSTLING CRISIS ON AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS PRODUCTIVITY AND FOOD SECURITY IN NORTHERN NIGERIA?

    Depending on how fast your payment and details is acknowledged by us, you will get the complete project within 30 minutes. However, on a very good day you can still get it within 15 minutes!


    How will I get my complete project?

    The Complete Project Material will be Delivered via your Email Address in an MS Word document format


    Can I get my Complete Project through WhatsApp?

    Yes! We also send your Complete Research Project to your WhatsApp Number


    What if my Project Supervisor made some changes to a topic i picked from your website?

    Call or Chat With Our 24/7 Custumer Care Desk: +2348037664978 and you will be responded to Instantly


    Do you assist students with Assignment, Term Paper, Seminar and Project Proposal?

    Call or Chat With Our 24/7 Custumer Care Desk: +2348037664978 and you will be responded to Instantly


    What if i do not have any project topic idea yet?

    Don't Worry! We've Got Your Covered. Chat with us on WhatsApp# (+234) 0803-766-4978 to Get Instant Help.


    Why should I trust this website?

    We are well aware of fraudulent activities that have been happening on the internet. It is regrettable, but hopefully declining. However, we wish to reinstate to our esteemed clients that we are genuine and duly registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission as "TOPNOTCH INFOTECH ENTERPRISE". This site runs on Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), therefore all transactions on this site are HIGHLY secure and safe!


    I have a fresh topic that is not on your site. How do I go about it?

    Don't Worry, Chat with us on WhatsApp# (+234) 0803-766-4978 to Get Instant Help.



PROJECT DETAILS

PAGES: 68
FORMAT: MS WORD
Chapters: 1-5
PRICE: ₦ 5,000.00


TYPE TOPIC OR KEYWORD AND CLICK SEARCH: