A DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS ON THE METHODS OF ESTIMATING VARIANCE COMPONENTS IN FARM ANIMALS


A DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS ON THE METHODS OF ESTIMATING VARIANCE COMPONENTS IN FARM ANIMALS   

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   

Approval Page    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   

Declaration    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   

Dedication    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   

Acknowledgement    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   

Abstract    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   

Table of Contents    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   

CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background of the Study    -    -    -    -    -   

1.2    Statement of the Problem    -    -    -    -   

1.3    Objectives of the Study    -    -    -    -    -    -   

1.4    Research Questions    -    -    -    -    -    -   

1.5    Research Hypothesis    -    -    -    -    -    -   

1.6    Significance of the Study    -    -    -    -    -   

1.7    Scope of the Study    -    -    -    -    -    -   

1.8    Limitations of the Study    -    -    -    -    -

1.9    Definition of Terms    -    -    -    -    -    -   

CHAPTER TWO – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1    Introduction    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   

2.2    Theoretical Framework    -    -    -    -    -   

2.3    Conceptual Framework    -    -    -    -    -   

2.4    Empirical Review    -    -    -    -    -    -

CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1    Introduction    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   

3.2    Research Design    -    -    -    -    -    -   

3.3    Population of Study    -    -    -    -    -    -   

3.4    Sample size and Sampling Techniques    -    -    -   

3.5    Method of Data Collection    -    -    -    -    -   

3.6    Research Instrument

3.7    Validity of the Instrument    -    -    -    -    -   

3.8    Reliability of the Instrument    -    -    -    -   

3.9    Sampling Method    -    -    -    -    -    -   

CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1    Introduction    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   

4.2    Data Presentation and Analysis    -    -    -    -   

4.3    Testing Hypothesis    -    -    -    -    -    -   

CHAPTER FIVE – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1    Summary    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   

5.2    Conclusion    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   

5.3    Recommendations    -    -    -    -    -    -   

    References -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -   

Appendix    -    -    -    -    -    -    -    -

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1.    BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Variance measures the variability or difference from a mean or response. A variance value of 0 indicates that all values within a set of numbers are identical. Statisticians use variance to see how individual numbers or values relate to each other.  Estimating variance components in statistics refers to the processes involved in efficiently calculating the variability within responses or values. Variance component are estimated when

⦁    A new improved trait is discovered

⦁    Variances or variability changes or alternate overtime due to environmental or genetic changes.

⦁    A new trait is about to be defined or explained

A cardinal objective of many genetic surveys is the estimation of variance components associated with individual traits. Heritability, the proportion of variation in a trait that is contributed by average effects of genes, may be calculated from variance components. The heritability of a trait gives an indication of the ability of a population to respond to selection, and thus, the potential of that population to evolve (Lande & Shannon, 1996).Estimates of variance components are common in the discipline of animal breeding and production, where this information on the variance components is used in the development of selection regimes to improve economically important traits (Lynch & Walsh, 1998). A requirement for estimating variance components is knowledge of the relationship structure of the population.In a natural population, variance components are also of considerable interest for evolutionary studies (Boag, 1983) andalso for conservation purposes. In natural populations, however, information on relationships may be unreliable or unavailable. These estimates of relationships may be combined with phenotypic information gathered from the same individuals, allowing inferences to be made about variance components (Ritland, 1996; Mousseau et al., 1998).

Molecular data are used to infer relationships between animals on a pair-wise basis, because this provides the least complex level at which relationships may be estimated, while still allowing a population to be divided into several relationship classes. Estimates of pair-wise relationships are then combined with a pair-wise measure of phenotypic information. Several methods of estimating variance components have been studied, but for the purpose of clarity four different methods of estimating these variance components will be evaluated in this research work. They are;

1.    The ANOVA method

2.    The Maximum likelihood method

3.    The Restricted maximum likelihood method

4.    The Quasi maximum likelihood method.

1.2.    STATEMENT OF THE GENERAL PROBLEM

They have been general contradictions on the appropriate method to use in the estimating the variance components of animals. So this problem has led us into this research to ascertain the relatively best or appropriate method to be used in estimating these variance components in farm animals.

1.3.    OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The major objective of this study is to determine the best method to be used between the methods enumerated above in estimating variance components of farm animals.

1.4.    SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

A major significance of this study is to unravel the relatively best methods among the methods highlighted above with a view to advising animal breeders, producers and animal researchers on the best method to be used in estimating variance components as which relatively better method has generated a lot of controversies over time .

1.5.    SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study is centered on the methods of estimating variance components in farm animals, to know which of the methods is relatively better in estimation.

1.6.    DEFINITION OF TERMS

⦁    Variance: the amount by which something changes or is different from something else.

⦁    Estimation: a judgment or opinion about the value or quality of somebody or something.

⦁    Traits: a particular quality in someone’s personality.

⦁    Genetic: the units in the cells of livings that controls its physical characteristics.

⦁    Components: one of several parts of which something is made.

1.7.    HYPOTHESIS TO BE TESTED

H0: there is no significant difference between the methods of estimating variance components.

H1: there is a significant difference between the methods of estimating variance components.

Level of significance: 0.05

Decision rule: reject H0 if p-value is less than the level of significance. Accept H0 if otherwise.

REFERENCES

Anderson R.L., Bancroft T.A. (1952): Statistical Theory in Research. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Federer W.T. (1968): Non-negative estimators for components of variance. Appl. Stat., 17, 171–174.

Fisher R.A. (1925): Statistical Methods for Research Workers, Oliver and Boyd.

Gamerman D. (1997): Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Chapman and Hall, New York.

Gelman A., Carlin J.B., Stern H.S., Rubin D.B. (1995): Bayesian Data Analysis. Chapman and Hall, New York. Herbach L.H. (1959): Properties of model II type analysis of variance tests A: Optimum nature of the F-test for model II in balanced case. Ann. Math. Statist., 30, 939–959.

 Klotz J.H., Milton R.C., Zacks S. (1969): Mean square efficiency of estimators of variance components. J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 64, 1383–1402.

LaMotte L.R. (1973): Quadratic estimation of variance components. Biometrics, 29, 311–330. Rao C.R. (1971a): Estimation of variance and covariance components: MINQUE theory. J. Multivar. Anal., 1, 257–275.

Rao C.R. (1971b): Minimum variance quadratic unbiased estimation of variance components. J. Multivar. Anal., 1, 445–456.

 Rao C.R. (1972): Estimation of variance and covariance components in linear models. J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 67, 112–115.

Rasch D. (1995): Mathematische Statistik. Joh. Ambrosius Barth and Wiley, Berlin, Heidelberg. 851 p. Rasch D., Tiku M.L.,

Sumpf D. (1994): Elsevier’s Dictionary of Biometry. Elsevier, Amsterdam, London, New York. Rasch D., Verdooren L.R.,

Gowers J.I. (1999): Fundamentals in the Design and Analysis of Experiments and Surveys – Grundlagen der Planung und Auswertung von Versuchen und Erhebungen. Oldenbourg Verlag, München,

Wien. Reinsch N. (1996): Two Fortran programs for the Gibbs Sampler in univariate linear mixed models. Dummerstorf. Arch. Tierz., 39, 203–209. Sarhai

H., Ojeda M.M. (2004): Analysis of Variance for Random Models, Balanced Data. Birkhäuser, Boston, Basel, Berlin. Sarhai H.,

Ojeda M.M. (2005): Analysis of Variance for Random Models, Unbalanced Data. Birkhäuser, Boston, Basel, Berlin.

 Sorensen A., Gianola D. (2002): Likelihood, Bayesian, and MCMC Methods in Quantitative Genetics. Springer, New York.

 Stein C (1969): Inadmissibility of the usual estimator for the variance of a normal distribution with unknown mean. Ann. Inst. Statist. Math. (Japan), 16, 155–160. Tiao G.C.,

Tan W.Y. (1965): Bayesian analysis of random effects models in the analysis of variance I: Posterior distribution of variance components. Biometrika, 52, 37–53. Verdooren L.R. (1982): How large is the probability for the estimate of a variance component to be negative? Biom. J., 24, 339–360.

.


TYPE IN YOUR TOPIC AND CLICK SEARCH.






RESEARCHWAP.COM

Researchwap.com is an online repository for free project topics and research materials, articles and custom writing of research works. We’re an online resource centre that provides a vast database for students to access numerous research project topics and materials. Researchwap.com guides and assist Postgraduate, Undergraduate and Final Year Students with well researched and quality project topics, topic ideas, research guides and project materials. We’re reliable and trustworthy, and we really understand what is called “time factor”, that is why we’ve simplified the process so that students can get their research projects ready on time. Our platform provides more educational services, such as hiring a writer, research analysis, and software for computer science research and we also seriously adhere to a timely delivery.

TESTIMONIES FROM OUR CLIENTS


Please feel free to carefully review some written and captured responses from our satisfied clients.

  • "Exceptionally outstanding. Highly recommend for all who wish to have effective and excellent project defence. Easily Accessable, Affordable, Effective and effective."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I saw this website on facebook page and I did not even bother since I was in a hurry to complete my project. But I am totally amazed that when I visited the website and saw the topic I was looking for and I decided to give a try and now I have received it within an hour after ordering the material. Am grateful guys!"

    Hilary Yusuf, United States International University Africa, Nairobi, Kenya.
  • "Researchwap.com is a website I recommend to all student and researchers within and outside the country. The web owners are doing great job and I appreciate them for that. Once again, thank you very much "researchwap.com" and God bless you and your business! ."

    Debby Henry George, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, USA.
  • "I love what you guys are doing, your material guided me well through my research. Thank you for helping me achieve academic success."

    Sampson, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.
  • "researchwap.com is God-sent! I got good grades in my seminar and project with the help of your service, thank you soooooo much."

    Cynthia, Akwa Ibom State University .
  • "Great User Experience, Nice flows and Superb functionalities.The app is indeed a great tech innovation for greasing the wheels of final year, research and other pedagogical related project works. A trial would definitely convince you."

    Lamilare Valentine, Kwame Nkrumah University, Kumasi, Ghana.
  • "Sorry, it was in my spam folder all along, I should have looked it up properly first. Please keep up the good work, your team is quite commited. Am grateful...I will certainly refer my friends too."

    Elizabeth, Obafemi Awolowo University
  • "Am happy the defense went well, thanks to your articles. I may not be able to express how grateful I am for all your assistance, but on my honour, I owe you guys a good number of referrals. Thank you once again."

    Ali Olanrewaju, Lagos State University.
  • "My Dear Researchwap, initially I never believed one can actually do honest business transactions with Nigerians online until i stumbled into your website. You have broken a new legacy of record as far as am concerned. Keep up the good work!"

    Willie Ekereobong, University of Port Harcourt.
  • "WOW, SO IT'S TRUE??!! I can't believe I got this quality work for just 3k...I thought it was scam ooo. I wouldn't mind if it goes for over 5k, its worth it. Thank you!"

    Theressa, Igbinedion University.
  • "I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much researchwap.com, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...."

    Joseph, Abia state Polytechnic.
  • "My friend told me about ResearchWap website, I doubted her until I saw her receive her full project in less than 15 miniutes, I tried mine too and got it same, right now, am telling everyone in my school about researchwap.com, no one has to suffer any more writing their project. Thank you for making life easy for me and my fellow students... Keep up the good work"

    Christiana, Landmark University .
  • "I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!."

    Musa, Federal University of Technology Minna
  • "I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!."

    Ali Obafemi, Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Niger State.
  • To contribute to our success story, send us a feedback or please kindly call 2348037664978.
    Then your comment and contact will be published here also with your consent.

    Thank you for choosing researchwap.com.