IMPROVEMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY OF SANDY SOIL BY GROUTING
ABSTRACT
This project work is on the improvement of the bearing capacity of sandy soil by grouting. The sample was collected along Iree-Obagun road and subjected to various tests such as Compaction test, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Atterberg Limit Test, Liquid Test, Plastic Limit Test, and Sieve Analysis Test. In relation to the subject matter, the views of some scholars and authors were reviewed and the data collected are presented and analyzed accordingly. Conclusion and recommendations are made at the end of this research. However, the research work is not on itself as it is recommended for further studies.
TABLE OF CONTENT Title page Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of content
CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Historical Background of Grouting 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.3 Scope of the Study 1.4 Limitation of the Study
CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Strength improvement of densification 2.3 Grouting techniques 2.4 Grouting materials 2.5 Shear strength of grouted soils 2.6 Compressive strength 2.7 Permeability studies on grouted sandy soils
CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology
3.1 Method of Data Collection 3.1.1 Compaction Test 3.1.2 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) 3.1.3 Atterberg Limit Test 3.1.4 Plastic Limit Test 3.1.5 Sieve Analysis Test CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Result and Discussion 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Sieve Analysis Test Results
CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Recommendation
References
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The construction of a structure on the weak ground often requires the soil to be improved in order to ensure the safety and stability of surrounding buildings. The ground improvement in granular soils can be achieved by different methods such as Vibro-floatation, compaction piles, and compaction with explosives, excavation, and replacement, grouting e.t.c. The selective of the most suitable method depend on a variety of factors, such as: soil conditions, required degree of compaction, types of structure to be supported, as well as site-specific considerations available time for completion of the project, availability of equipment and materials e.t.c. Soil compaction can offer effective solutions for many foundation problems and is especially useful for reducing total settlement in the sand. Sandy soil means most of the soil particles are bigger than 2mm in diameter. It gives good water drainage and has a low capacity to hold nutrients. Sandy soil does not hold moisture very well. It is granular and consists of rock and mineral particles that are very small. Therefore, the texture is gritty and is formed by the disintegration and weathering of rocks such as limestone, granite, quartz and shale. Is also easier to cultivate it if it is rich in organic materials but then it allows drainage more than needed. This results in over drainage and dehydration of the plant in summer. It warms very fast in the spring season. Grouting on the other hand is a process whereby stabilizes either in the form of suspension or solution is injected into sub-surface soil. Sandy soil is the largest particle in the soil when you rub it if feels rough. This is because it has sharp edges and it does not hold many nutrients.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF GROUTING
The development and history of compaction grouting over the last 30-40 years have been established by many distinguished researcher, design engineers, and design contractor. Many technical papers are been published dealing physically with the issues surround compaction grouting design such as: “compaction grouting, 1973”, “planning and performing compaction grouting” 1974. These and other important reference are the mainstream basis of knowledge for the highly specialize engineering and construction technique know as compaction grouting. The compaction grout method has some unique features which allow distinct advantages over another remedial method of geotechnical construction. In many distances, growth is the only viable solution. Some of the advantages include: Economic: Many time compaction grouting is the only feasible solution to foundation settlement problems, other than demolishing the structure and re-building with expensive deep foundation technique. Minimal disturbance: During the grouting operation, destructure may remain occupied and in service. Minimal risk: Compaction grouting offers minimal risk of catastrophic structural failure while re-leveling structure. Other are: Minimal geotechnical exploration, provide greater support for structures, cost factor e.t.c.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE To determine the nature of the sandy soil particles. To determine the degree of sandy soil compatibility. To carry out the improvement of sandy soil through grouting. To carryout some laboratory test on sandy soil such as compaction test California bearing ration (CBR) test, Waterberg LIMIT test, liquid limit test, Plastic limit test, sieve analysis test in comparing the effectiveness of grouting system.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research is focused on the quality and improvement of the bearing capacity of sandy soil by grouting.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The limitations of this study are: TIME FACTOR: Limited time that does not permit to carry out many practicals. AREA OF STUDY: This project is limited to the technical study of sandy soil properties.
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