THE EFFECT OF INTEREST RATE ON LOAN REPAYMENT IN MICROFINANCE BANKS IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
The study sought to appraise the effect of interest rate on loan repayment in microfinance institutions. Lapo Micro Finance Bank, a microfinance institution in Ikot Abasi was used as a case study for the study. The research was conducted using questionnaires and interviews. All 100 customers and 20 employees were sampled for the research. A systematic random sampling was used for the data collection. The findings of the research revealed that though interest rate plays a major role in loan repayment, other factors such as loan term and the repayment frequency also influence to a large extent the loan repayment. Customers indicated that though lower interest rate would enhance loan repayment, the issue of accessibility and availability of funds was paramount. To enhance loan repayment, the researcher recommends lower interest rate to ease loan repayment burden and loans granted should be amounts that customers can service. Again, micro-insurance could be established to protect the Institution and customers against any default.
Table of Contents
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ i
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................. iiiv
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... iv
TABLE OF CONTENT ..................................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xi
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER ONE 1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 Background to the Study 1
1.1 Problem Statement 3
1.2 The Objectives of the Study 3
1.3 Research Questions 4
1.4 Significance of the Study 4
1.5 Scope of the Study 5
1.6 Limitation of the Study 5
1.7 Organization of the Study 6
CHAPTER TWO 7
REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE 7
2.0 Introduction 7
2.1 Microfinance/Microcredit: An Overview 7
2.2 Overview of the Financial Sector in Ghana 10
2.2.1 Evolution of the Microfinance Sub-Sector in Ghana 14
2.2.2 Structure and Key Stakeholders of Microfinance in Ghana 15
2.3 The Structure of the Microfinance Sector 17
2.3.1 What are microcredits and how do they work? 17
2.3.2 Why are monthly rates in the range of 5 to 7% justifiable? 18
2.3.3 Why clients are willing and able to pay these rates 18
2.3.4 Why microfinance should be used only for certain types of clients 19
2.4 Loan Default Risk-An Issue in Microfinance/Microcredit 20
2.5 Microfinance Interest Rate as a Function of Transaction Cost 25
2.6 Determinants of Interest Rates in Microfinance 29
2.6.1 Cost of Funds 29
2.6.2 Operating Expense 29
2.6.3 Contingency Reserves (Provision for Bad Debt) 29
2.6.4 Tax expenses 30
2.6.5 Profits 30
2.6.6 Credit Rating of Client 30
2.6.7 Inflation Levels 30
2.6.8 Policy Rate 30
2.7 Causes of Defaults in Microfinance 31
2.7.1 Lender Side -Weaknesses in Funds Administration 31
2.7.2 Borrower Side - Moral Hazard Problem 32
CHAPTER THREE 34
METHODOLOGY 34
3.0 Introduction 34
3.1 Research Methodology 34
3.1.1 Research Design 34
3.1.2 Data sources 35
3.1.3 Population 35
3.1.4 Sample Selection 35
3.1.5 Data Collection Instrument 36
3.1.6 Data Editing and Analysis 37
3.1.7 Limitations to Data Collection 37
3.2 Profile of Study Area- Tanoah Capital Point Limited 38
3.2.1 The company‟s Vision 38
3.2.2 Mission 38
3.3 Key Operational Areas 38
3.4 Institutional Governance, Management Operations and Organisational Structure 39
3.4.1 Directors and Management 39
3.4.2 Organizational Structure 40
CHAPTER FOUR 41
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 41
4.0 Introduction 41
4.1 Demographic Background of Respondents (Staff) 41
4.1.1 Gender of Respondents 42
4.1.2 Age Distribution of Respondents 42
4.1.3 Educational Attainment of Respondents 43
4.1.4 Grade/Position of Respondents 44
4.1.5 Number of Years Respondents Have Worked for TCP 44
4.2 Effect of Interest 45
4.2.1 Interest Rate and Loan repayment 45
4.2.2 Interest Rate and Default Rate 46
4.2.3 Interest Rate and Borrower Relationship 47
4.2.4 Interest Rate Justification 48
4.3 The Effect of Other Factors on Loan Repayment 49
4.4 Policy Measures to Improve Loan Repayment 51
4.5 Demographic Background of Respondents (Loan customers) 53
4.5.1 Loan Customers Gender 53
4.5.2 Age Distribution 54
4.5.3 Size of Respondents‟...............................................................................Business54
4.5.4 Size of Respondents‟...................................................................Working 55Capital
4.6 The Effect of TCP Interest Rate on Repayment of Loan 56
4.6.1 Low Interest Rate and the Ease of Loan Repayment 56
4.6.2 Interest Rate and Loan Repayment 56
4.11 Interest Rate and Loan Repayment 57
4.6.3 Interest Rate and Loan Default 57
4.12 Interest Rate, Loan default and Customer Loyalty 57
4.7 To Determine the Effects of Other Factors on TCP Loan Repayment 57
4.8 Appropriate Policy Measure To Improve the Repayment of the MFI loans 59
CHAPTER FIVE 62
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 62
5.0 Introduction 62
5.1 Summary of Findings 62
5.1.2 Findings on Appraising The Effect of MFI Interest Rate on Repayment Of Loans62
5.1.3 Findings on the Effect of Other Factors on TCP Loan Repayment 63
5.1.4 Findings on Measures Put in Place to Enhance Repayment of the MFI Loans 63
5.2 Conclusion 63
5.3 Recommendations 65
REFERENCES 67
APPENDIX 1 70
APPENDIX 2 74
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background to the Study
A Microfinance Institution‟s)mainobjectiveistoprovide poor(MFIandlow income households with an affordable source of financial services. Interest charged on loans is the main source of income for these institutions, and because they incur huge costs, the rates are correspondingly high. Four key factors determine these rates: the cost of funds, the MFI's operating expenses, loan losses, and profits needed to expand their capital base and fund expected future growth (Ghatak, 1999).
Many policy makers question why microfinance interest rates remain high even when some MFIs receive concessional funds to finance lending. Although some microlenders receive loan funds at concessional rates, they must cost these funds at market rates when they make decisions about interest rates to ensure the sustainability of the institution's operations. Donors provide concessional funds for a particular usage only for a limited period, as do some governments. However, concessional funds cannot be considered a permanent source of funds for MFIs, and provision must be made through interest rates to sustain the lenders' operations (Ghatak, 1999).
Inflation adds to the cost of microfinance funds by eroding microlenders' equity. Thus, higher inflation rates contribute to higher nominal microcredit interest rates through their effect on the real value of equity. Microlenders have two kinds of operating costs: personnel and administrative. Because microlending is still a labor-intensive operation, personnel costs are high. Administrative costs consist mainly of rent, utility charges, transport, office supplies,
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and depreciation of fixed assets. Making and recovering small loans is costly on a per unit basis. Often loan recovery is executed by staffs who visit clients, increasing costs in time taken and transportation used. Poor physical infrastructure-inadequate road networks, transportation, and telecommunication systems-in many countries in which microlenders operate also increases administrative costs and adds significantly to the cost of microfinance operations. Inadequate law and order also contribute to high administrative costs as microcredit operations often involve cash transactions and the physical movement of cash (Pitt, and Khandker, 1998).
In many countries, the majority of microcredit is provided by a few leading institutions, and competition among them is mostly on non-price terms. This might not be the case in Ghana where Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) spring up every day. Today in Ghana the MFIs compete with traditional Banks in the cities as well as have dominance in the rural areas. Large-scale commercial banks with access to low-cost funds, low operating costs, extensive branch networks, and vast human and other resources to provide financial services efficiently are presently not significantly involved in microcredit. The lack of participation of such conventional financial institutions in the microcredit market also limits potential competition. Although it is widely recognized that microfinance alone will not end poverty, it is a vital step in that direction. Microfinance institutions, also known as MFIs, offer financial services to underserved, impoverished communities.
Previously, entrepreneurs seeking loans in impoverished communities had to provide collateral to borrow from unlicensed lenders at inequitably high interest rates. A number of factors, including high administrative costs relative to small loans and small returns, had kept
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banks from setting up branches in impoverished communities when surer profits were to be had elsewhere.
The lack of an efficient financial services industry has held back many would-be entrepreneurs with viable business plans from realizing their own potential. Women, in particular, have been excluded as loan candidates in developing communities. The lending practices of many emerging microfinance institutions have given people living in extreme poverty the opportunity to realize their potential in the business community (Rahman, 1999)
1.1 Problem Statement
Charging prices high enough to cover costs is essential for any business to survive in the marketplace. This is true for institutions providing microfinance services as it is for any other enterprise. Thus, it is not surprising that many successful microfinance institutions charge high interest rates to cover their high costs. However, despite the success of those institutions in expanding the supply of credit during the last two decades to an increasing number of poor and low-income households, most borrowers default in paying back those MFI loans.
Studies into microfinance in Ghana did not concentrate on the effect of interest rate on loan repayment on Microfinance Institutions even at the time when MFIs are finding it very difficult to collect loans which have been given to beneficiaries is receiving much attention. This creates a serious research gap into microfinance of which this study seeks to close.
1.2 The Objectives of the Study
The objective of this study is to appraise the effect of Interest on loan repayment in Microfinance Institutions in Ghana which includes:
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1. To appraise the effect of MFI interest rate on repayment of loans.
2. To determine the effect of other factors on MFI loan repayment
3. To appraise the factors that determines interest rate by MFIs
4. To appraise the measures adopted to enhance the repayment of loans of MFIs.
1.3 Research Questions
Related to the problem, the research seeks to address four main questions outline below:
1. What is the effect of high interest rate of MFI on the repayment of their loans?
2. What is the effect of other factors on MFI loans repayment?
3. What are the factors that determine interest rate by MFIs?
4. What measures adopted by MFI to enhance the repayment of loans?
1.4 Significance of the Study
The significance to be derived from the study includes:
Providing the management of TCP and other MFIs with an insight into the effect of interest rates on loan repayment and recommendations to make adjustments where necessary.
It will also assist TCP and other MFIs to identify the other factors that also impact on loan repayment to enable them achieve a competitive edge in their respective businesses.
This study can be used as reference for further research. By conducting a research on a related subject, this study would serve as a platform to enhance their work. It will serve as a
rich source of literature to other researchers, and the limitation of this research may be built
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on by others studying on the same topic. It is also hoped that findings from this research would confirm or refute the existing knowledge about the effect of interest on loan repayment on MFIs especially Tanoah Capital Point Limited.
Though this research is to partially fulfill an academic requirement for the award of a masters degree, it is expected that recommendations would be provided to complement regulatory
bodies and government‟sMFIsproblemseffortsofrepayment of inloans whichaddressi serve as a negative in the development of small and medium enterprises.
1.5 Scope of the Study
The study was conducted within the framework of the effect of interest rate on loan repayment on Microfinance Institutions. The study was carried out at the Tanoah Capital Point (TCP) Limited branch in Ikot Abasi. It is a case study approach of one particular MFI (TCP) and would not cover other MFIs to reflect the entire industry response to the effect of interest rate on loan repayment on MFI. Hence the results would not be generalised but its findings would be placed in the relevant context of the individual MFI studied.
1.6 Limitation of the Study
A project of this nature requires an extensive study of all microfinance companies in the metropolis. This requirement is constrained due to the dispersed nature of these companies and the lack of time and funding. Furthermore, the trustworthiness of respondents especially clients of the company cannot be guaranteed, since personal opinion can influence responses. In view of these limitations, however, it can serve as a useful input into decision and policy making.
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1.7 Organisation of the Study
The research work is divided into five (5) chapters.
Chapter one, is dedicated to the introduction and research context. Further relevant sections have addresses the statement of the problem, research questions, and the objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study. Chapter two, is devoted to literature review, various views from different authors were reviewed as regards the effect of interest on loan repayment on MFIs and definition of variables. Chapter three concentrates on the background of the study area and the methodology of the research. Chapter four focuses on the Findings, Analysis and Discussions of Results. Chapter five covers the summary, conclusion and recommendations.
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