THE INFLUENCE OF EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF ALCOHOL AMONG UNIVERSITY OF UYO STUDENTS


THE INFLUENCE OF EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF ALCOHOL AMONG UNIVERSITY OF UYO STUDENTS 

ABSTRACT

This study attempted to analyze the influence of excessive intake of alcohol on University of Benin students.  The survey research design was used to carry out the study, and the random sampling technique was used to select students from the Faculty of Education and Social Sciences.  Two hundred and forty-eight (248) respondents were randomly selected from the mentioned faculties.  The questionnaire was used to elicit responses from respondents.  The validity of the questionnaire was carried out by three lecturers from the department.  The reliability of the instrument was determined using the test-retest method.

The instrument was administered to thirty-two respondents who were not part of the final study, and after an interval of few days, the same instrument was again administered to the same group of respondents.  The scores obtained were analyzed using the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.  The data obtained through questionnaires were analyzed using frequency counts and simple percentages.

Findings from the analysis indicated that:  

⦁    The majority of students take alcohol.

⦁    Excessive intake of alcohol can be responsible for a student’s poor academic performance.

⦁    Some students take alcohol because of home problems.

⦁    Most students that take alcohol agree to take it because their friends are taking it.

⦁    Some students agree to take alcohol when they are depressed believing that alcohol will improve their state of mind.

⦁    Students take alcohol to eliminate fear.

Conclusively, emphasis should be laid on the accessibility of alcohol.  Adolescents are sensitive to price increases as they generally have limited incomes.  If the price of alcohol is increased students will not be able to afford it.  Parents should demonstrate sensible drinking behaviors, and parents should be enlightened on the effects and consequences of alcohol intake so they can also encourage their children on the dangers of alcohol.  Campaign against excessive intake of alcohol should be planned and carried out by the authorities.  Intervention strategies should be developed for alcohol-related infractions on the campus.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page                                        i

Certification                                        ii

Dedication                                        iii

Acknowledgment iv

Abstract                                        vii

Table of Contents                                    ix

CHAPTER ONE:    INTRODUCTION

Background of Study                                1

Statement of the Problem                            7

Research Questions                                8

Purpose of Study                                8

Significance of Study                                9

Delimitation/Scope of Study                        9   

Limitation of Study                                10

Definition of Terms                                10

CHAPTER TWO:  REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Theories of Alcohol Abuse                            11   

Alcohol and Deviant Behaviour                        16

Alcohol and Student’s Poor Academic Performance            20

Alcohol and Home Problem                            23

Peer Group Influence on Alcohol                        27   

Effects of Alcohol on the State of Mind                    31   

Summary                                        36   

CHAPTER THREE:   METHOD OF THIS STUDY

Research Design                                    39

The population of Study                                39

Sample and Sampling Techniques                        39

Instrumentation                                    40

Validity of the Instrument                            40

Reliability of the Instrument                            40

Administration of the Instrument                        40

Method of Data Collection                            41

Data Analysis                                    42

CHAPTER FOUR:    DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION

AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS        43

Discussion of Results                                54

CHAPTER FIVE:    SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary                                        65

Findings and Conclusion                            67

Recommendations                                69

References                                        75

Appendix 1                                    81   

Appendix 2                                    84

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

    Alcohol is a psychoactive drug that has a depressant effect.  People have been brewing and fermenting alcoholic drinks since the dawn of civilization.  Consumed in moderate amounts, alcoholic beverages are relaxing and in some cases may even have beneficial effects on the heart, health, consumed in excess alcohol is poisonous to human systems and is considered a drug.

    When people take (drink) alcohol, it is absorbed into their bloodstream.  It affects the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), which controls virtually all body functions.  The immediate physical effects of drinking alcohol range from mild mood changes to complete loss of coordination, vision, balance, and speech, and which can be signals of acute alcohol intoxication or drunkenness.  These effects usually wear off in a matter of hours after a person stops drinking (American Journal of Addiction, 2003).

    The word ‘alcohol’ probably has its origin in Arabic meaning ‘a fine dust’ or ‘essence’.  There are four main types of alcohol:

    METHYL ALCOHOL        -    CH3 OH

    ETHYL ALCOHOL        -    C2 H5 OH

    PROPHL ALCOHOL        -    C3 H7 OH

    BUTYL ALCOHOL        -    C4 H9 OH

    ETHYL Alcohol is the one that is the spirit in intoxicating drinks, and its concentration ranges from 4 to 59%.  Alcohol has very valuable antiseptic properties, and when used outside the body is a very useful chemical (A guide to family health, 1983).

    An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol.  Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes: Beer, Wines, and Spirits.  They are legally consumed in most countries, and over one hundred countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption.  In particular, such laws specify the minimum age at which a person may legally buy or drink them.  This minimum age varies between sixteen and twenty-five years, depending upon the country and the type of drink.  Most nations set it at eighteen years of age (International Center for Alcohol Policies.  Retrieved 2009:  Minimum age limit worldwide).  The production and consumption of alcohol occur in most cultures of the world, from hunter-gatherer peoples to nation-states (Arnold, 2005).  Alcoholic beverages are often an important part of social events in this culture (European Beer Guide, 2006).

    According to WHO (2012), in many parts of the world, drinking alcoholic beverages is a common feature of social gatherings.  Nevertheless, the consumption of alcohol carries a risk of adverse health and social consequences related to its intoxicating, toxic, and dependence–producing properties.  In addition to the chronic diseases that may develop in those who drink large amounts of alcohol over a number of years, alcohol U.K. is also associated with an increased risk of acute health conditions such as injuries, including from traffic accidents.

    There is a general belief that alcohol performs a number of services that have become almost indispensable to modern society and living.  In as much as alcohol is a reliable means for social integration, as well as a symbol of social solidarity and also lubricant for social intercourse during which it provides the much-needed atmosphere for the exchange of ideas, information, and discussion of politics, the ills or detriment of excessive alcohol intake cannot be ignored or overlooked.

    Historically doctors have promoted alcohol for its perceived health benefits and most recently for protection against coronary heart disease.  There is evidence of cardiovascular benefits from drinking one to two drinks per day; however, the health benefits from the moderate intake of alcohol are controversial.  Alcohol should be regarded as a recreational drug with potentially serious adverse effects on health and it is not recommended for cardio-protection in the place of safer and proven traditional methods such as exercise and proper nutrition (Sunkiewic & Welglarz, 2009).  Larger amounts of blood alcohol can impair brain function and eventually cause unconsciousness.  An extreme overdose of alcohol poisoning can be fatal.  Alcohol taken in excess can depress brain activities to the point where memory muscular coordination and balance can be disturbed hence the reason for concern as regards this situation amongst students with emphasis on University of Benin students.

    Purposeful production of alcoholic beverages is common in many cultures and often reflects their cultural and religious peculiarities as much as their geographical and sociological conditions.  The discovery of late Stone Age beer jugs has established the fact that purposely fermented beverages existed at least as early as C. 10,000 B.C. (Patrick, 1952).

    Alcohol is used by certain persons for several reasons, based on several factors.  Its use is related to factors ranging from emotional, social, religious, physical, to psychological.  Some of the reasons why people take alcohol therefore include:

⦁    To quench thirst

⦁    To promote sleep

⦁    To spice up social gathering

⦁    To improve appetite

⦁    To kill anxiety

⦁    Influence from other people

⦁    To relieve pains

Other reasons such as curiosity or wanting to be part of the group.  Some drink because it makes them feel better or older or because it gives them a certain image among friends. Some people need to be drunk every day just to get through the day because they are dependent on alcohol.

But in this study, our focus is on male and female students of the University of Benin.

Statement of the Problem

    It is interesting to know that excessive intake of alcohol is detrimental to the health and wellbeing of an individual, and students who are supposed to be enlightened still indulge in drinking alcohol excessively.  This brings to mind the need to know why this is so, hence the reason for this research.  The consequences and effects of excessive alcohol intake are too high and this the researcher hopes to find out in this study.

Research Questions

1.    Is excessive intake of alcohol responsible for deviant behaviors amongst students?

2.    Is alcohol responsible for student’s poor academic performances?

3.    Is the intake of alcohol influenced by home problems?

4.    Do alcohol influenced by peer group loyalty?

5.    Is alcohol responsible for student’s improved state of mind?

6.    Is the excessive intake of alcohol by students induced by the desire to eliminate fear?

Purpose of the Study

    The major aim of this study is to find out the influence of excessive intake of alcohol and its consequences on the health and wellbeing of the students of UNIBEN.  To point out the effects of excessive intake of alcohol on the students, and how it affects them academically, physically, and otherwise.

Significance of the Study

    The study centers on the effects, consequences, and factors influencing excessive intake of alcohol amongst UNIBEN students while still in school or on campus.  To enable us to discover these reasons and effects so that they can be addressed and dealt with to avoid the hazard or disadvantages it brings to students and the educational system as a whole, due to the fact that alcohol affects the brain and performance of students.

Delimitation/Scope of the Study

    This study was delimited to the male and female students of the Faculty of Education and Social Science, University of Benin, Benin City.

Limitation of the Study

    Difficulty in getting current or recent materials related to this study.  Students' nonchalant attitude and biased responses while sharing and collecting the questionnaire.

Definition of Terms

Alcohol:    According to new Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, it is the clear liquid that is found in drinks such as beer, wine, etc. and is used in medicines, clearing products, etc.

Alcoholics:    A person who regularly drinks too much alcohol or suffers from a physical disorder caused by this.

Ferment:    To experience a clinical change because of the action of yeast, or bacteria, often changing sugar to alcohol; to make something change in this way.  Sugar is converted to alcohol by a process of fermentation.

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